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Table 2 Associations between established AKI risk factor covariates and maximum 48-h serum creatinine change from baseline using a linear model and each subpopulation of a two-component latent variable mixture model

From: Latent variable modeling improves AKI risk factor identification and AKI prediction compared to traditional methods

Risk factor

Linear model

Latent variable mixture model

Subpopulation 1

Subpopulation 2

Age (per 10 years)

0.037 (−0.044, 0.118)

0.040 (−0.021, 0.101)

0.042 (0.016, 0.068)**

BMI (per 5 kg/m2)

0.040 (0.013, 0.068)**

0.107 (0.081, 0.132)***

0.012 (0.005, 0.019)***

History of hypertension

0.005 (−0.046, 0.056)

0.080 (0.002, 0.158)*

−0.017 (−0.031, −0.003)*

History of diabetes

−0.024 (−0.082, 0.035)

−0.123 (−0.177, −0.068)***

−0.007 (−0.021, 0.008)

Baseline pulse pressure (per 10 mmHg)

0.003 (−0.009, 0.015)

−0.019 (−0.035, −0.003)*

0.004 (7.2e-5, 0.008)*

Baseline SCr (per mg/dL)

0.203 (−0.309, 0.715)

0.054 (−0.217, 0.326)

0.158 (−0.023, 0.339)

Baseline SCr:age interaction

−0.001 (−0.008, 0.007)

0.002 (−0.003, 0.007)

−0.001 (−0.003, 0.002)

Baseline eGFR (per 30 mL/min/1.73 m2)

0.081 (−0.012, 0.174)

0.045 (−0.066, 0.156)

0.099 (0.051, 0.147)***

Baseline hematocrit (per %)

−0.010 (−0.016, −0.005)***

−0.034 (−0.040, −0.028)***

−0.003 (−0.005, −0.001)***

Cardiopulmonary bypass time (per hour)

0.006 (−0.018, 0.030)

−0.072 (−0.108, −0.036)***

0.012 (2.0e-4, 0.024) **

Aortic cross clamp time (per hour)

0.036 (0.001, 0.072)*

0.156 (0.120, 0.192)***

−0.006 (−0.018, 0.006)

Intraoperative hydroxyethyl starch volume (per L)

0.200 (0.000, 0.400)

0.300 (0.100, 0.500)**

0.000 (−0.056, 0.094)

Intraoperative urine output (per L)

−0.100 (−0.200, −0.048)**

−0.300 (−0.400, −0.200)***

−0.100 (−0.094, −0.016)***

Mean intraoperative MAP adjusted for baseline MAP (per 10 mmHg)

0.023 (0.003, 0.042)*

0.064 (0.042, 0.086)***

0.005 (0.001, 0.009)*

Maximum intraoperative lactate (per mmol/L)

0.004 (−0.021, 0.028)

−0.009 (−0.033, 0.016)

0.013 (0.007, 0.019)***

Length of surgery (per hour)

0.034 (0.009, 0.059)**

0.113 (0.086, 0.140)***

0.027 (0.021, 0.034)***

  1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate using CKD-Epi formula, SCr serum creatinine concentration, MAP mean arterial blood pressure
  2. For example, an increase of ten years in age is associated with a 0.037 increase in 48-h postoperative change in serum creatinine concentration (ΔSCr) in the linear model, and a past medical history of hypertension was associated with a 0.080 increased in 48-h ΔSCr in the subpopulation 1 component model. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals are listed after each covariate coefficient estimate