Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics at baseline among estimated glomerular filtration rate groups

Gender, (%, n)

<0.001

 Female

54.8% (80,506)

53.3% (53,694)

56.4% (21,720)

66.6% (4,705)

70.1% (302)

63.9% (85)

 Male

45.2% (66,447)

46.7% (47,091)

43.6% (16,817)

33.4% (2,362)

29.9% (129)

36.1% (48)

Age, years (mean ± SD)

63.91 ± 11.68

60.49 ± 10.78

70.37 ± 9.85

76.21 ± 9.02

79.28 ± 8.88

76.89 ± 11.25

<0.001

Smoking status, (%, n)

<0.001

 Non-smoker

74.5% (109,484)

74.0% (74,541)

75.3% (29,013)

77.8% (5,495)

76.9% (331)

77.3% (103)

 Ex-smoker

15.0% (21,983)

14.2% (14,264)

16.8% (6,493)

16.1% (1,135)

16.8% (72)

14.1% (19)

 Current smoker

10.5% (15,486)

11.9% (11,980)

7.9% (3,031)

6.2% (436)

6.4% (27)

8.6% (11)

Drinking habit, (%, n)

<0.001

 Non-drinker

96.9% (142,369)

96.6% (97,320)

97.4% (37,554)

98.2% (6,943)

98.8% (426)

95.0% (126)

 Current drinker

3.1% (4,584)

3.4% (3,465)

2.6% (983)

1.8% (124)

1.2% (5)

5.0% (7)

HbA1c, % (mean ± SD)

7.31 ± 1.42

7.40 ± 1.49

7.14 ± 1.25

6.96 ± 1.23

6.63 ± 1.23

6.58 ± 1.55

<0.001

BMI, kg/m² (mean ± SD)

25.51 ± 4.06

25.57 ± 4.27

25.43 ± 3.82

25.07 ± 4.39

24.86 ± 4.88

24.66 ± 4.25

<0.001

Waist hip ratio (mean ± SD)

0.93 ± 0.20

0.93 ± 0.20

0.94 ± 0.23

0.95 ± 0.19

0.96 ± 0.46

0.94 ± 0.09

<0.001

SBP, mmHg (mean ± SD)

136.69 ± 18.05

135.78 ± 17.70

138.58 ± 18.31

139.28 ± 20.12

137.99 ± 21.88

137.69 ± 22.07

<0.001

DBP, mmHg (mean ± SD)

75.57 ± 10.58

76.62 ± 10.34

73.83 ± 10.63

70.67 ± 10.82

67.90 ± 11.48

67.19 ± 12.59

<0.001

LDL-C, mmol/L (mean ± SD)

3.14 ± 0.88

3.14 ± 0.86

3.14 ± 0.91

3.08 ± 1.01

2.97 ± 0.95

2.98 ± 1.19

<0.001

TC/HDL-C ratio (mean ± SD)

4.40 ± 1.33

4.36 ± 1.34

4.46 ± 1.41

4.54 ± 1.47

4.54 ± 2.79

4.46 ± 2.92

<0.001

Triglyceride, mmol/L (mean ± SD)

1.69 ± 1.17

1.67 ± 1.21

1.74 ± 1.12

1.80 ± 1.13

1.72 ± 1.23

1.61 ± 1.51

<0.001

EGFR, ml/min/1.73 m² (mean ± SD)

101.60 ± 44.27

114.74 ± 47.10

77.79 ± 8.04

50.34 ± 7.34

24.30 ± 4.05

10.59 ± 3.13

<0.001

UACR, mg/mmol (mean ± SD)

7.92 ± 40.51

5.32 ± 27.58

11.03 ± 49.02

25.51 ± 76.21

42.97 ± 111.42

25.47 ± 102.86

<0.001

Family history of DM, (%, n)

<0.001

 No

58.1% (85,324)

53.5% (53,924)

66.9% (25,774)

73.6% (5,201)

75.7% (326)

73.5% (98)

 Yes

41.9% (61,629)

46.5% (46,861)

33.1% (12,763)

26.4% (1,866)

24.3% (105)

26.5% (35)

Diagnosed Hypertension, (%, n)

<0.001

 No

33.6% (49,356)

40.7% (41,058)

19.1% (7,360)

12.1% (855)

13.2% (57)

19.5% (26)

 Yes

66.4% (97,597)

59.3% (59,727)

80.9% (31,177)

87.9% (6,212)

86.8% (374)

80.5% (107)

Duration of DM, years (mean ± SD)

6.35 ± 7.08

5.74 ± 6.51

7.35 ± 7.50

9.34 ± 9.50

10.14 ± 10.37

9.22 ± 11.69

<0.001

Anti-hypertensive drugs, (%, n)

<0.001

 No

32.5% (47,768)

39.0% (39,329)

19.3% (7,432)

12.9% (911)

14.6% (63)

24.8% (33)

 Yes

67.5% (99,185)

61.0% (61,456)

80.7% (31,105)

87.1% (6,156)

85.4% (368)

75.2% (100)

Oral anti-diabetic drug used, (%, n)

<0.001

 No

30.3% (44,531)

30.7% (30,931)

30.1% (11,613)

25.2% (1,781)

34.3% (148)

43.6% (58)

 Yes

69.7% (102,422)

69.3% (69,854)

69.9% (26,924)

74.8% (5,286)

65.7% (283)

56.4% (75)

Insulin used, (%, n)

<0.001

 No

99.1% (145,570)

99.1% (99,922)

99.1% (38,171)

98.3% (6,947)

95.4% (411)

89.5% (119)

 Yes

0.9% (1,383)

0.9% (863)

0.9% (366)

1.7% (120)

4.6% (20)

10.5% (14)

Lipid-lowering agents, (%, n)

<0.001

 No

91.1% (133,868)

91.7% (92,388)

89.8% (34,599)

90.1% (6,364)

91.6% (395)

91.7% (122)

 Yes

8.9% (13,085)

8.3% (8,397)

10.2% (3,938)

9.9% (703)

8.4% (36)

8.3% (11)