|
Pre-operative
|
|
Age (years)
|
59.3 ± 10.5
|
58.0 ± 10.5
|
62.3 ± 9.6
|
62.4 ± 10.6
|
<0.001
|
|
Gender: male
|
2143 (80.4)
|
1534 (81.2)
|
486 (79.9)
|
123 (72.8)
|
0.029
|
|
Ethnicity
|
Chinese
|
1912 (71.7)
|
1390 (73.6)
|
414 (68.1)
|
108 (63.9)
|
<0.001
|
|
Malay
|
425 (15.9)
|
271 (14.3)
|
126 (20.7)
|
28 (16.6)
|
|
Indian
|
329 (12.3)
|
228 (12.1)
|
68 (11.2)
|
33 (19.5)
|
|
Body mass index (kg/m2)
|
25.0 ± 4.1
|
24.9 ± 4.0
|
25.4 ± 4.3
|
24.9 ± 4.7
|
0.032
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
1205 (45.2)
|
793 (42.0)
|
294 (48.4)
|
118 (69.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
Hypertension
|
1998 (74.9)
|
1348 (71.4)
|
503 (82.7)
|
147 (87)
|
<0.001
|
|
Myocardial infarction
|
1559 (58.5)
|
1072 (56.7)
|
379 (62.3)
|
108 (63.9)
|
0.017
|
|
Congestive cardiac failure
|
435 (16.3)
|
260 (13.8)
|
130 (21.4)
|
45 (26.6)
|
<0.001
|
|
Renal impairment
|
225 (8.4)
|
90 (4.8)
|
99 (16.3)
|
36 (21.3)
|
<0.001
|
|
Beta-blocker
|
1998 (74.9)
|
1377 (73.1)
|
482 (79.3)
|
139 (82.2)
|
0.001
|
|
ACE-inhibitor
|
1300 (48.8)
|
905 (48.0)
|
306 (50.3)
|
89 (52.7)
|
0.365
|
|
Calcium channel blocker
|
521 (19.5)
|
331 (17.6)
|
144 (23.7)
|
46 (27.2)
|
<0.001
|
|
Statin
|
2159 (81.0)
|
1526 (81.0)
|
494 (81.7)
|
139 (82.2)
|
0.881
|
|
Diuretic
|
480 (18.0)
|
276 (14.6)
|
149 (24.5)
|
55 (32.5)
|
<0.001
|
|
Ejection fraction (<30%)
|
185 (6.9)
|
110 (5.9)
|
58 (9.6)
|
17 (10.2)
|
0.002
|
|
Pre-operative creatinine (μmol/L)
|
91.0 ± 42.7
|
85.7 ± 34.6
|
103.5 ± 51.5
|
98.7 ± 35.5
|
<0.001
|
|
Pre-operative eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)
|
81.0 ± 21.6
|
84.8 ± 19.3
|
71.9 ± 23.9
|
71.7 ± 23.9
|
<0.001
|
|
Pre-operative haemoglobin (g/dL)
|
13.5 ± 1.7
|
13.8 ± 1.6
|
13.1 ± 1.8
|
12.7 ± 1.8
|
<0.001
|
|
EuroSCORE logistic
|
3.6 ± 4.6
|
3.1 ± 3.7
|
4.8 ± 6.0
|
4.9 ± 6.2
|
<0.001
|
|
Surgical variables
|
|
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery
|
2191 (82.2)
|
1546 (82.2)
|
506 (83.4)
|
139 (82.2)
|
0.802
|
|
Valvular surgery
|
622 (23.3)
|
433 (22.9)
|
148 (24.3)
|
41 (24.3)
|
0.733
|
|
Cardiopulmonary bypass
|
2578 (96.7)
|
1820 (96.3)
|
595 (97.9)
|
163 (96.4)
|
0.188
|
|
IABP
|
249 (9.3)
|
130 (6.9)
|
89 (14.7)
|
30 (17.9)
|
<0.001
|
|
Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min)
|
113.5 ± 49.0
|
107.0 ± 43.4
|
125.7 ± 56.2
|
137.3 ± 64.7
|
<0.001
|
|
Aortic cross clamp time (min)
|
67.2 ± 36.4
|
63.5 ± 32.8
|
74.1 ± 42.5
|
79.5 ± 46.0
|
<0.001
|
|
Inotrope use
|
1652 (62.0)
|
1120 (59.9)
|
409 (67.7)
|
123 (72.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
Haemodilution
|
|
Prebypass haematocrit (%)
|
37.8 ± 4.9
|
38.3 ± 4.6
|
36.9 ± 5.3
|
35.8 ± 4.8
|
<0.001
|
|
Lowest haematocrit during bypass (%)
|
24.4 ± 3.9
|
24.9 ± 3.9
|
23.4 ± 3.7
|
22.3 ± 3.8
|
<0.001
|
|
RBC transfusion
|
746 (28.0)
|
426 (22.6)
|
238 (39.1)
|
82 (48.5)
|
<0.001
|
|
Intensive care unit variables
|
|
Inotrope use
|
1228 (46.1)
|
780 (41.3)
|
336 (55.4)
|
112 (66.3)
|
<0.001
|
|
New need for dialysis
|
59 (2.2)
|
12 (0.6)
|
21 (3.5)
|
26 (15.4)
|
<0.001
|
|
Lowest haemoglobin in 1st 24 h (g/dL)
|
9.7 ± 1.6
|
9.9 ± 1.5
|
9.2 ± 1.4
|
8.8 ± 1.4
|
<0.001
|
|
RBC transfusion
|
1010 (37.9)
|
608 (32.2)
|
303 (49.9)
|
99 (58.6)
|
<0.001
|
|
Total length of hospitalization (days)
|
11.0 ± 10.6
|
9.2 ± 5.6
|
13.2 ± 9.6
|
22.0 ± 30.2
|
<0.001
|
|
Outcomes
|
|
End-stage renal disease
|
24 (0.9)
|
6 (0.3)
|
12 (2.0)
|
6 (3.6)
|
<0.001
|
|
5-year mortality
|
128 (4.8)
|
68 (3.6)
|
41 (6.7)
|
19 (11.2)
|
<0.001
|
