Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study participants

Age

45.7 ± 12.2

67.2 ± 9.3

<0.001

2.646

61.4 ± 10.4

60.9 ± 8.7

0.140

0.060

Diabetes

205 (6.0%)

140 (7.2%)

0.080

0.048

58 (8.1%)

53 (7.4%)

0.685

0.026

Hypertension

43 (1.3%)

609 (31.4%)

<0.001

0.891

39 (5.5%)

53 (7.4%)

0.109

0.077

Cardiovascular disease

89 (2.6%)

342 (17.6%)

<0.001

0.514

45 (6.3%)

45 (6.3%)

1.000

0.000

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

12.9 ± 1.1

12.8 ± 1.3

0.024

0.030

13.0 ± 1.1

13.0 ± 1.2

0.458

0.016

Serum albumin (g/dL)

4.4 ± 0.3

4.2 ± 0.4

<0.001

0.159

4.3 ± 0.3

4.3 ± 0.3

0.464

0.008

ALP (IU/L)

64.8 ± 20.9

85.3 ± 42.5

<0.001

0.669

78.5 ± 24.1

78.3 ± 24.4

0.844

0.013

Uric acid (mg/dL)

4.7 ± 1.0

4.9 ± 1.5

<0.001

0.102

4.8 ± 1.2

4.8 ± 1.4

0.729

0.012

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

189 ± 34

196 ± 40

<0.001

0.269

202 ± 38

200 ± 37

0.275

0.076

Calcium (mg/dL)

8.9 ± 0.5

9.0 ± 0.6

<0.001

0.029

9.0 ± 0.5

9.0 ± 0.6

0.324

0.013

Phosphorus (mg/dL)

3.7 ± 0.5

3.6 ± 0.6

<0.001

0.041

3.7 ± 0.5

3.7 ± 0.6

0.930

0.002