Table 1 Model Parameters for Albuminuria Screening, Treatment with Renin-angiotensin System Inhibitors, and Screening and Treatment Costs as Derived from Previous Publications
Model Parameter | Parameter Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
Sensitivity of screening test for moderate albuminuria | 0.73 | Sarafidis et al. [23] |
Specificity of screening test for moderate albuminuria | 0.96 | Sarafidis et al. [23] |
Treatment adherence of persons diagnosed with moderate albuminuria | 0.75 | Boulware et al. [14] |
Treatment effect relative risks (multiplied by baseline rates) | ||
Relative risk of moderate- to severe albuminuria transition for persons receiving treatment | 0.45 | Strippoli et al. [6] |
Relative risk of mortality for persons with moderate albuminuria receiving treatment | 0.77 | Boulware et al. [14] |
Relative risk of annual GFR decrease in persons with for persons with moderate albuminuria receiving treatment | 0.67 | |
Annual QALY decrement from CKD and related complications | ||
 Proteinuria | 0.01 | Gorodetskaya et al. [24] |
 GFR 30–59 | 0.05 | Gorodetskaya et al. [24] |
 GFR 15–29 | 0.07 | Gorodetskaya et al. [24] |
 GFR <15 | 0.20 | Gorodetskaya et al. [24] |
 Stroke, ever | 0.582 | Meenan et al. [25] |
 CA/MI, current year | 0.12 | Tsevat et al. [26] |
 CHD, ever without MI | 0.053 | Nease et al. [27] |
Screening costs (2016 US $) | ||
 Initial visit | 88.58 | CMS [28] |
 Second visit if positive during first visit | 69.08 | CMS [28] |
 One time costs of diagnostic tests to assess for CKD if GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (2010 $) | ||
 Diabetes or hypertension | 382.41 | |
 Neither hypertension nor diabetes: Severe albuminuria and age < 65 | 2,857.10 | |
 Neither hypertension nor diabetes: Moderate albuminuria and age <65 | 1,401.40 | |
 Neither hypertension nor diabetes: Age ≥65 | 964.69 | |
Annual follow-up costs if GFR <60Â ml/min/1.73Â m2 (2016 US $) | ||
 Specialist visit: |  |  |
 Diabetes | 94.15 | |
 No diabetes | 85.23 | |
 General practitioner visit | 132.88 | |
Annual drug therapy | ||
 ARBs (diabetes) | 527.49 | Boulware et al. [14]; Rodby et al .[31]; Lewis et al. [32]; Nakao et al. [33]; Jafar et al. [34]; Drug Topics Red Book [35]; AHRQ [36] |
 ACE inhibitors (no diabetes) | 210.03 | |
 Annual rate at which costs and QALYs are discounted (i.e. reduced) | 3% | Weinstein et al. [21] |