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Table 1 Renal manifestations among 258 adults with snakebite envenomation, Yangon, Myanmar, 2015–2016

From: Clinical and laboratory parameters associated with acute kidney injury in patients with snakebite envenomation: a prospective observational study from Myanmar

Characteristic

All

n (%)

Clinical manifestations

  

Reduced urine volume

258

128 (49.6)

Renal tenderness

258

114 (44.2)

Gross hematuria

258

46 (17.8)

Dark- colored urine

258

25 (9.7)

Urinalysis and urine chemistries

  

Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥1

186

112 (60.2)

Microscopic hematuria

255

81 (31.4)

Pigmenturia

255

38 (14.7)

Leukocyturia

255

22 (8.5)

Blood chemistry

  

Acute kidney injury

258

140 (54.3)

 At presentation

140

88 (62.9)

 During hospitalization

140

52 (37.1)

Serum sodium

  

 Hyponatremia

258

115 (44.6)

 Hypernatremia

258

5 (1.9)

Serum potassium

  

 Hypokalemia

258

52 (20.2)

 Hyperkalemia

258

19 (7.4)

Serum calcium

  

 Hypocalcemia

256

88 (34.4)

 Hypercalcemia

256

6 (2.3)

Serum phosphate

  

 Hypophosphatemia

256

20 (7.8)

 Hyperphosphatemia

256

68 (26.6)

Serum bicarbonate

  

 Metabolic acidosis

258

22 (8.5)

 Metabolic alkalosis

258

1 (0.4)