Table 4 Logistic regression analysis of parameters associated with acute kidney injury, Yangon, Myanmar, 2015–2016

Clinical parameters

Bites from Viperidae or presenting clinical syndrome of Viperidae

258

244

 Yes

17.44 (6.01–50.57)

<0.001

9.65 (2.42–38.44)

0.001

 No

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

Local swelling

258

 Grades II–IV

4.24 (2.45–7.31)

<0.001

 Grades 0-I

1.00 (Reference)

Hypotension

258

 Yes

9.08 (4.26–19.38)

<0.001

 No

1.00 (Reference)

Laboratory parameters

WBC (cells/μL)

258

244

  > 10 × 10³

6.62 (3.41–12.83)

<0.001

3.55 (1.35–9.34)

0.010

  ≤ 10 × 10³

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

Overt DIC

258

244

 Yes

4.68 (2.76–7.95)

<0.001

2.23 (1.02–4.89)

0.045

 No

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

Capillary leakage

258

 Yes

6.16 (2.31–16.46)

<0.001

 No

1.00 (Reference)

Creatine kinase (IU/L)

256

244

  > 500

10.14 (5.46–18.83)

<0.001

4.06 (1.71–9.63)

0.001

  ≤ 500

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

Blood sugar (mg/dL)

258

  ≥ 150

2.29 (2.00–4.37)

0.012

  < 150

1.00 (Reference)

Serum sodium (mmol/L)

258

244

  < 135 mmol/L

7.27 (4.13–12.82)

<0.001

4.37 (2.04–9.38)

<0.001

  ≥ 135 mmol/L

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

Microscopic hematuria

255

244

 Yes

10.16 (5.02–20.57)

<0.001

3.60 (1.45–8.91)

0.006

 No

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

Management

Site of management

258

 Ward

5.15 (2.48–10.68)

<0.001

 ICU

1.00 (Reference)

Time from bite to receiving antivenom (hours)

250

244

  ≥ 2

2.20 (1.27–3.80)

0.005

3.73 (1.48–9.37)

0.005

  < 2

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)