Table 6 Univariate and multivariate analysis of clinical and laboratory parameters of adults bitten by Viperidae or presenting the clinical syndrome of Viperidae for identifying acute kidney injury at presentation

Hypotension

164

153

 Yes

8.42 (3.47–20.39)

<0.001

3.56 (1.05–12.09)

0.042

 No

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

WBC (cells/μL)

163

  > 10 × 10³

4.95 (2.22–11.02)

<0.001

  ≤ 10 × 10³

1.00 (Reference)

Overt DIC

164

 Yes

3.39 (1.76–6.55)

<0.001

 No

1.00 (Reference)

Capillary leakage

164

 Yes

9.36 (2.09–42.00)

0.003

 No

1.00 (Reference)

Creatine kinase (IU/L)

164

153

  > 500

10.81 (5.05–23.12)

<0.001

6.24 (2.10–18.49)

0.001

  ≤ 500

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

Blood sugar (mg/dL)

164

  ≥ 150

2.79 (1.27–6.10)

0.010

  < 150

1.00 (Reference)

Serum sodium (mmol/L)

164

153

  < 135 mmol/L

9.46 (4.60–19.43)

<0.001

7.81 (2.87–21.24)

<0.001

  ≥ 135 mmol/L

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

Microscopic hematuria

162

153

 Yes

10.51 (4.74–23.28)

<0.001

11.45 (3.76–34.82)

<0.001

 No

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

Time from bite to receiving antivenom (hours)

156

153

  ≥ 2

2.45 (1.20–5.02)

0.014

7.98 (2.06–30.92)

0.003

  < 2

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)