Table 7 Clinical parameters, laboratory findings, and management characteristics of 128 adults bitten by Viperidae or presenting the clinical syndrome of Viperidae (50 patients who developed acute kidney injury during hospitalization and 78 patients without acute kidney injury)

Overt DIC

 Yes

72

36 (50.0)

36 (50.0)

0.007

 No

56

14 (25.0)

42 (75.0)

Capillary leakage

 Yes

14

12 (85.7)

2 (14.3)

<0.001

 No

114

38 (33.3)

76 (66.7)

Creatine kinase (IU/L)

  > 500

40

28 (70.0)

12 (30.0)

<0.001

  ≤ 500

86

20 (23.3)

66 (76.7)

Serum sodium (mmol/L)

  < 135

45

29 (64.4)

16 (35.6)

<0.001

  ≥ 135

83

21 (25.3)

62 (74.7)

Total dose of antivenom (mL)

  > 160

31

19 (61.3)

12 (38.7)

0.016

  ≤ 160

90

31 (34.4)

59 (65.6)