Table 3 Demographic and clinical characteristics compared between patients with low VVV of SBP and DBP, high VVV of SBP or DBP, and high VVV of SBP and DBP

Age at diabetes diagnosis (years)

52.8 ± 10.1

51.5 ± 10.4

56.6 ± 10.6

<0.001

Sex (male/female)

172 (46.5)

120 (49.8)

81 (47.3)

0.629

Smoking (none/former/current)

287/17/66

179/18/44

132/10/36

0.594

Hypertension (%)

237 (64.1)

199 (82.6)

161 (90.4)

<0.001

Hyperlipidemia (%)

358 (96.8)

227 (94.2)

173 (97.2)

0.191

Body mass index (kg/m²)

26.4 ± 3.6

27.3 ± 4.2

27.0 ± 3.9

0.007

Mean SBP (mmHg)

133.9 ± 9.6

137.3 ± 9.2

141.2 ± 10.6

<0.001

 Mean number of measurements

60.4 ± 26.0

63.8 ± 29.9

67.8 ± 32.6

0.019

 SD of SBP (mmHg)

12.3 ± 2.0

14.9 ± 2.6

19.3 ± 2.8

<0.001

 Delta SBP (mmHg)

59.3 ± 15.1

73.3 ± 23.0

95.2 ± 26.6

<0.001

Mean DBP (mmHg)

71.6 ± 5.5

75.3 ± 5.9

74.8 ± 7.2

<0.001

 SD of DBP (mmHg)

6.0 ± 0.9

8.1 ± 1.4

9.6 ± 1.7

<0.001

 Delta DBP (mmHg)

29.4 ± 6.7

41.7 ± 13.4

49.5 ± 16.6

<0.001

HbA1c (%)

 (mmol/mol)

7.4 ± 0.9

(57.0 ± 9.8)

7.8 ± 1.0

(62.0 ± 10.9)

7.7 ± 1.1

(61.0 ± 12.0)

<0.001

 Mean number of measurements

36.1 ± 10.8

34.5 ± 10.5

32.3 ± 11.2

0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

191.8 ± 26.7

193.0 ± 27.0

197.1 ± 33.9

0.132

 Mean number of measurements

12.1 ± 5.9

11.9 ± 5.7

11.2 ± 5.8

0.220

High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)

38.9 ± 10.6

38.1 ± 10.8

38.4 ± 10.7

0.678

Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)

118.3 ± 19.2

119.3 ± 20.9

118.8 ± 21.6

0.832

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

141.0 ± 117.4

155.6 ± 90.3

160.1 ± 132.4

0.119

Initial eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

81.4 ± 26.0

77.5 ± 25.9

59.0 ± 27.0

0.003

 Mean number of measurements

17.4 ± 6.4

17.6 ± 6.4

19.3 ± 7.5

0.005

Final eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

88.6 ± 26.6

76.0 ± 26.6

55.9 ± 27.6

<0.001

 CVD ^a (%)

28 (7.6)

43 (17.8)

44 (24.7)

<0.001

  Interval from diabetes diagnosis (years)

5.8 ± 2.9

5.1 ± 2.7

4.8 ± 3.5

0.425

 Change in CKD stage

1.0 ± 0.6

1.1 ± 0.6

1.5 ± 0.8

<0.001

 Renal function impairment (%)

110 (29.3)

92 (36.8)

125 (62.8)

<0.001

  Interval from diabetes diagnosis (days)

3899 ± 1214

3710 ± 1285

3079 ± 1468

<0.001

 CKD stage 4 or 5 (%)

35 (9.3)

29 (11.6)

22 (11.1)

0.620

  Interval from diabetes diagnosis (days)

4366 ± 620

4311 ± 676

4272 ± 730

0.267

 Total follow-up (days)

4488 ± 400

4424 ± 474

4413 ± 521

0.102