Fig. 1

Flow Diagram. A cohort study was conducted initially to design and evaluate the alternative strategies for persistent albuminuria diagnosis. Participants aged over 45 years with a previous diagnosis of diabetes, hypertension, and/or coronary artery disease were included. Cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted based on the results of the cohort. Target population of the cost-effectiveness analysis was high risk population of CKD. A hybrid decision tree and Markov models were constructed to simulate the clinical pathway and long-term outcome