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Table 5 Sensitivity analysis 1: Association of risk factors and acute kidney injury: multivariable analysis excluding smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index and glycated-haemoglobin levels (N = 4067, outcome = 344)

From: Risk factors for developing acute kidney injury in older people with diabetes and community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based UK cohort study

Characteristics

Model from primary analysisa

Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)

P valuec (PT)

Sensitivity analysis

Odds ratiob

(95% confidence interval)

P valuec (PT)

Females

 

0.64 (0.49–0.83)

0.0008

0.64 (0.51–0.82)

0.0003

Age categories (years)

65–69

0.83 (0.52–1.35)

0.55

0.85 (0.55–1.31)

0.64

70–74

0.70 (0.46–1.09)

 

0.75 (0.51–1.12)

 

75–79

0.78 (0.54–1.13)

 

0.82 (0.58–1.15)

 

80–84

0.84 (0.59–1.18)

 

0.93 (0.68–1.26)

 

≥85

1

 

1

 

Smoking status

Non-smoker

1

 

Not in model

 

Current smoker

1.39 (0.92–2.11)

0.25

  

Ex-smoker

1.26 (0.91–1.74)

   

Alcohol intake (units/day)

Non-drinker

1

 

Not in model

 

Ex-drinker

1.00 (0.64–1.55)

0.43

  

Current ≤6 units/day

0.88 (0.61–1.26)

   

Heavy >6 units/day

0.55 (0.24–1.26)

   

BMI (kg/m2)

15–18.4

0.95 (0.45–2.00)

0.53

Not in model

 

18.5–24.9

1

   

25–29.9

0.90 (0.65–1.23)

   

≥30

1.14 (0.82–1.58)

   

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2):

≤29

4.62 (3.06–6.99)

<0.0001

4.43 (3.03–6.46)

<0.0001

30–59

2.48 (1.84–3.33)

(<0.0001)

2.21 (1.68–2.90)

(<0.0001)

≥60

1

 

1

 

Proteinuria

 

1.23 (0.95–1.59)

0.12

1.22 (0.96–1.56)

0.10

Hypertension

 

1.27 (0.93–1.73)

0.13

1.17 (0.89–1.55)

0.26

Congestive cardiac failure

 

1.03 (0.76–1.39)

0.86

0.97 (0.73–1.29)

0.83

Ischaemic heart disease

 

0.76 (0.58–1.00)

0.04

0.77 (0.60–0.98)

0.03

Cerebrovascular diseases

 

0.90 (0.68–1.20)

0.47

0.96 (0.74–1.24)

0.74

Dementia

 

1.17 (0.73–1.88)

0.53

1.10 (0.73–1.67)

0.65

Chronic lung disease

 

0.79 (0.58–1.07)

0.12

0.90 (0.68–1.18)

0.43

Cancer

 

0.76 (0.54–1.07)

0.11

0.73 (0.53–1.01)

0.05

Connective tissue diseases

 

0.66 (0.40–1.08)

0.08

0.68 (0.43–1.07)

0.08

Either ACEI/ARBs

 

1.59 (1.19–2.13)

0.002

1.66 (1.27–2.17)

0.0001

HBA1C levels

Good <7%

1

 

Not in model

 

Borderline 7–10%

0.82 (0.62–1.09)

0.38

  

High >7%

0.82 (0.43–1.54)

   

Medication diabetes

None

1

 

1

 

Oral

1.05 (0.75–1.46)

0.05

1.00 (0.74–1.33)

0.08

Insulin

2.27 (1.27–4.05)

 

1.89 (1.14–3.11)

 

Both

1.11 (0.72–1.71)

 

1.03 (0.72–1.47)

 

Study period

April 2004–September 2007

1

<0.0001

1

<0.0001

October 2007–March 2011

2.90 (2.14–3.95)

(<0.0001)

2.94 (2.22–3.89)

(<0.0001)

  1. aadjusted for age, sex, study period, smoking status, alcohol intake, BMI, comorbidities, medications and glycated-haemoglobin levels badjusted for all variables in the table except smoking, alcohol intake, BMI and glycated haemoglobin levelsclikelihood ratio test PT P value for trend BMI body mass index eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ARBs angiotensin II receptor blockers
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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