The association between urbanization and reduced renal function: findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey

Table 2 Results of a multilevel logistic model to investigate the association between urbanization and reduced renal function among Chinese men (2009)

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value
Urbanization^a	1.38	1.11, 1.73	0.004	1.27	1.00, 1.61	0.048	1.28	1.01, 1.62	0.042	1.25	0.98, 1.59	0.074
Health-related behavior
Alcohol consumption^b				0.54	0.37, 0.77	0.001	0.53	0.37, 0.76	0.001	0.52	0.36, 0.75	< 0.001
Smoking^c				0.86	0.60, 1.22	0.395	0.87	0.61, 1.23	0.420	0.90	0.63, 1.30	0.585
Total physical activity^d				0.99	0.97, 1.00	0.043	0.99	0.97, 1.00	0.041	0.99	0.98, 1.00	0.084
Energy intake^e				1.29	0.83, 2.00	0.251	1.18	0.77, 1.82	0.440	1.26	0.81, 1.97	0.308
Protein intake^f				0.95	0.24, 3.73	0.940	0.47	0.14, 1.60	0.228	0.81	0.20, 3.24	0.760
Sodium intake				0.95	0.89, 1.03	0.199				0.95	0.88, 1.02	0.157
Potassium intake				0.70	0.45, 1.08	0.111				0.72	0.46, 1.12	0.148
Sodium-to-potassium ratio							0.96	0.88, 1.05	0.407
Cardiometabolic risk factors
Overweight/Obesity^g										1.03	0.71, 1.50	0.858
Hypertension^h										1.93	1.35, 2.74	< 0.001
Diabetes Mellitusⁱ										1.36	0.88, 2.11	0.162
High LDL^j										1.17	0.80, 1.69	0.419

Models were adjusted for age (in years), educational attainment (primary education or less, junior high school, high school and attained further education) and household income (low, middle and high)
^aResults are expressed per one-SD increase
^bThe referent was those who drank less than once per month
^cThe referent was those who didn’t smoke
^dResults are expressed per 10 METs increase
^eResults are expressed per 1000 kcal increase
^fResults are expressed per 100 g increase
^gThe referent was those whose body mass index was 24.0 or less
^hHypertension was defined by either systolic pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or self-reported antihypertensive medication
ⁱDiabetes were defined by either hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5% or fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL or self-reported diagnosis of DM
^jHigher LDL was defined by LDL ≥ 130 mg/dL

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