The association between urbanization and reduced renal function: findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey

Table 3 Results of a multilevel logistic model to investigate the association between urbanization and reduced renal function among Chinese women (2009)

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value
Urbanization^a	1.35	1.11, 1.62	0.002	1.29	1.06, 1.58	0.011	1.29	1.06, 1.57	0.012	1.24	1.01, 1.52	0.041
Health-related behavior
Alcohol consumption^b				0.75	0.42, 1.35	0.333	0.76	0.42, 1.36	0.349	0.74	0.41, 1.35	0.332
Total physical activity^c				0.99	0.98, 1.00	0.296	0.99	0.98, 1.00	0.268	1.00	0.99, 1.01	0.444
Energy intake^d				0.91	0.61, 1.36	0.640	0.82	0.56, 1.22	0.335	0.92	0.61, 1.39	0.699
Protein intake^e				1.99	0.62, 6.44	0.250	0.95	0.33, 2.76	0.924	1.85	0.56, 6.10	0.311
Sodium intake				0.98	0.92, 1.04	0.452				0.97	0.92, 1.03	0.382
Potassium intake				0.64	0.45, 0.92	0.017				0.64	0.44, 0.92	0.016
Sodium-to-potassium ratio							0.98	0.92, 1.05	0.624
Cardiometabolic risk factors
Overweight/Obesity^f										0.89	0.67, 1.18	0.424
Hypertension^g										1.34	1.01, 1.78	0.039
Diabetes Mellitus^h										2.07	1.47, 2.92	0.000
High LDLⁱ										1.42	1.09, 1.87	0.010

Models were adjusted for age (in years), educational attainment (primary education or less, junior high school, high school and attained further education) and household income
^aResults are expressed per one-SD increase
^bThe referent was those who drank less than once per month
^cResults are expressed per 10 METs increase
^dResults are expressed per 1000 kcal increase
^eResults are expressed per 100 g increase
^fThe referent was those whose body mass index was 24.0 or less
^gHypertension was defined by either systolic pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or self-reported antihypertensive medication
^hDiabetes were defined by either hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5% or fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL or self-reported diagnosis of DM
ⁱHigher LDL was defined by LDL ≥ 130 mg/dL

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