Variable | Total | Alive | Deceased | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
[N, proportion of total study population, 253 patients] | [n, proportion of total N] 212 patients | [n, proportion of total N] 41 patients | ||
Demographics | ||||
Age (yr) | 64 (52.5–72.5) [252, 99.6%] | 64 (54–72.5) [212, 84.1%] | 60.5 (42.5–73) [40, 15.9%] | 0.40 |
Sex (male) | 41.8% [249, 98.4%] | 38.5% [208, 83.5%] | 58.5% [41, 16.5%] | 0.02 |
Diabetes | 91.3% [231, 96.9%] | 91.0% [210, 83.0%] | 93.0% [43, 17.0%] | 0.76 |
Medical history | ||||
Metformin use | [232, 91.7%] | [196, 84.5%] | [36, 15.5%] | 0.11 |
Regular medication | 76.7% | 79.1% | 63.9% | |
Suicidal | 22.8% | 20.4% | 36.1% | |
Accidental | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.0% | |
Estimated metformin dosage at MALAa (g) | 2.6 (1.7–5.1) [181, 72.0%] | 2.6 (1.7–4.0) [154, 85.0%] | 2.6 (1.0–24.5) [27, 14.9%] | 0.79 |
Predisposing medicationb | 97.7% [83, 32.8%] | 97.4% [76, 91.6%] | 100% [7, 8.2%] | 0.67 |
Other anti-diabetic agents | 95.7% [47, 18.6%] | 97.5% [40, 85.1%] | 85.7% [7, 14.9%] | 0.15 |
Appropriateness of metformin use | ||||
Creatinine criteria | 28.8% [80, 31.6%] | 25.0% [68, 85%] | 50.0% [12, 15%] | 0.08 |
eGFR-dosing criteria | 57.5% [73, 28.9%] | 59.0% [61, 83.6%] | 50.0% [12, 16.4%] | 0.56 |
Symptoms & Signs | ||||
Hypothermia | 63.4% [93, 36.8%] | 64.5% [76, 81.7%] | 58.8% [17, 18.3%] | 0.66 |
Hypotension | 50.0% [162, 64.0%] | 49.3% [136, 84.0%] | 53.9% [26, 16.1%] | 0.67 |
Abdominal pain | 35.6% [149, 59.0%] | 37.3% [134. 89.9%] | 20.0% [15, 10.1%] | 0.18 |
Upper GI discomfort | 77.4% [155, 61.3%] | 78.4% [139, 90.0%] | 68.8% [16, 10.3%] | 0.38 |
Lower GI discomfort | 43.7% [151, 59.7%] | 44.1% [136, 90.1%] | 40.0% [15, 9.9%] | 0.76 |
Conscious disturbance | 56.9% [202, 79.8%] | 56.3% [174, 86.1%] | 60.7% [28, 13.9%] | 0.66 |
Severity | ||||
Respiratory failure | 60.1% [168, 66.4%] | 55.1% [138, 82.1%] | 83.3% [30, 17.9%] | <0.01 |
Kidney Injury Profile | [203, 80.2%] | [175, 86.2%] | [28, 13.8%] | 0.66 |
Acute kidney injury | 94.6% | 94.9% | 92.9% | |
ESRD | 5.4% | 5.1% | 7.1% | |
Biochemical profile | ||||
Baseline creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) [104, 41.1%] | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) [88, 84.6%] | 1.3 (1.1–1.8) [16, 15.4%] | 0.26 |
Baseline eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 50.0 (38.7–71.5) [102, 40.3%] | 52.0 (39.6–71.5) [86, 84.3%] | 43.5 (37.4–73.4) [16, 15.7%] | 0.56 |
Peak creatinine (mg/dL) | 7.0 (3.3–9.5) [211, 83.4%] | 7.2 (4.2–9.7) [183, 86.7%] | 3.2 (1.8–7.2) [28, 13.3%] | <0.01 |
Trough eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 6.1 (4.5–16.4) [207, 81.8%] | 5.6 (4.3–11.2) [179, 86.4%] | 19.2 (6.1–27.4) [28, 13.5%] | <0.01 |
Metformin (mg/L) | 45 (27.0–74.4) [85, 33.6%] | 43.9 (27.0–71.0) [71, 83.5%] | 58 (16–150) [14, 16.5%] | 0.61 |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 18.0 (12.7–23) [234, 92.5%] | 17 (12.5–21.2) [198, 84.6%] | 22 (14.7–28.4) [36, 15.4%] | <0.01 |
Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 5.0 (3.1–8.0) [170, 67.1%] | 5.0 (3.0–8.0) [146, 85.9%] | 5.6 (4.2–8.5) [24, 14.1%] | 0.19 |
pH | 6.9 (6.8–7.1) [241, 95.3%] | 6.9 (6.8–7.1) [203, 84.2%] | 6.9 (6.8–7.1) [38, 15.8%] | 0.56 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 120.9 (36–22 [118, 46.6%] | 105.4 (34.3–219.5) [105, 88.1%] | 198.5 (72–270) [14, 11.9%] | 0.22 |
MALA criteria | 95.7% [253, 100%] | 96.2% [212, 83.8%] | 92.7% [41, 16.2%] | 0.31 |
Renal replacement therapy (RRT) profile | ||||
Type of RRT | [251, 99.2%] | [210, 83.7%] | [41, 16.3%] | 0.03 |
IRRT | 33.9% | 36.7% | 19.5% | |
PIRRT | 13.2% | 13.3% | 12.2% | |
CRRT | 50.6% | 48.6% | 61.0% | |
PD | 2.3% | 1.4% | 7.3% | |
RRT dose intensification | 11.2% [214, 84.6%] | 9.8% [184, 86.0%] | 20.0% [30, 14.0%] | 0.10 |
RRT duration (day) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) [162, 64.0%] | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) [140, 86.4%] | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) [22, 13.6%] | 0.11 |
Post-event ESRD | 3.9% [156, 61.7%] | 3.3% [154, 98.7%] | 50.0% [2, 1.3%] | <0.01 |