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Table 1 Patient and lesion characteristics

From: Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for characterization of kidney lesions in patients with and without chronic kidney disease

 

Total (N = 44)

(+) CKD (n = 25)

(−) CKD (n = 19)

Age (years)

 Mean ± S.D.

56 ± 14

59 ± 13

51 ± 14

Male

31 (70%)

18 (72%)

13 (68%)

Co-morbid conditions

   

 Hypertension

30 (68%)

20 (80%)

10 (53%)

 Diabetes

10 (23%)

5 (20%)

5 (26%)

 Hyperlipidemia

22 (50%)

13 (52%)

9 (47%)

 Cardiovascular disease

9 (20%)

8 (32%)

1 (5%)

 History of renal cell carcinoma

3 (7%)

2 (8%)

1 (5%)

 Obesitya

22 (50%)

11 (44%)

11 (58%)

Initial Studyb

 Non-contrast CT

11 (25%)

8 (32%)

3 (16%)

 Contrast CT

20 (45%)

5 (20%)

15 (79%)

 Non-contrast MR

1 (2%)

0

1 (5%)

 Contrast MR

6 (14%)

1 (4%)

5 (26%)

 Conventional US

17 (39%)

17 (68%)

0

Laterality of lesion

 Right

19 (43%)

12 (48%)

7 (37%)

 Left

20 (45%)

9 (36%)

11 (58%)

 Bilateral

5 (11%)

4 (16%)

1 (5%)

Laterality of imaging

 Right

21 (48%)

14 (56%)

7 (37%)

 Left

23 (52%)

11 (44%)

12 (63%)

Diameter by imaging (cm)c

 Mean (range)

3.27 (1.4–7.9)

3.09 (1.4–7.9)

3.51 (1.4–6.6)

Diameter by histology (cm)d

 Mean (range)

3.39 (0.4–7)

(n = 20)

2.88 (0.4–5.6)

(n = 4)

3.51 (1.2–7)

(n = 16)

Diagnosis

 Clear cell RCC

14 (32%)

1 (4%)

13 (68%)

 Papillary RCC

5 (11%)

3 (12%)

2 (11%)

 Chromophobe RCC

2 (4%)

1 (4%)

1 (5%)

 Angiomyolipoma

1 (2%)

0

1 (5%)

 Oncocytoma

1 (2%)

0

1 (5%)

 Surveillance

21 (48%)

20 (80%)

1 (5%)

  Stable/benign

19

19

0

  Progressed/malignant

2

1

1

CKD stage

 Non-CKD

19 (43%)

0

19 (100%)

 CKD II

2 (4%)

2 (8%)

0

 CKD III

9 (20%)

9 (36%)

0

 CKD IV

4 (9%)

4 (16%)

0

 CKD V on dialysis

7 (16%)

7 (28%)

0

 Transplant

3 (7%)

3 (12%)

0

Probable cause of CKD

 Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis

 

11 (44%)

 

 Diabetic Kidney Disease

 

4 (16%)

 

 Hypertension/Diabetic Kidney Disease

 

1 (4%)

 

 Polycystic Kidney Disease

 

2 (8%)

 

 Chronic Interstitial Nephritis

 

2 (8%)

 

 Membranous Nephropathy

 

1 (4%)

 

 Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

 

1 (4%)

 

 Medullary Sponge Kidney

 

1 (4%)

 

 NSAID-induced Nephropathy

 

1 (4%)

 

 Lithium Nephrotoxicity

 

1 (4%)

 
  1. CKD chronic kidney disease, CT computed tomography, MR magnetic resonance imaging, US ultrasound, RCC renal cell carcinoma
  2. aDefined as BMI ≥ 30
  3. bPercentages add to greater than 100% as 11 patients had multiple studies prior to CEUS
  4. cBy largest dimension
  5. dOne sample was resected in multiple pieces with no histologic diameter available
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