Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for characterization of kidney lesions in patients with and without chronic kidney disease

Table 4 Accuracy of CEUS based on severity of CKD compared to the secondary reference standard^a

	Reader 1		Reader 2		Combined readers
	Early CKD (eGFR ≥30 mL/min) (N = 11)	Advanced CKD (eGFR <30 mL/min) (N = 14)	Early CKD (eGFR ≥30 mL/min) (N = 11)	Advanced CKD (eGFR <30 mL/min) (N = 14)	Early CKD (eGFR ≥30 mL/min) (N = 11)	Advanced CKD (eGFR <30 mL/min) (N = 14)
Sensitivity	100% (100%, 100%) [2/2]	67% (13%, 100%) [2/3]	100% (100%, 100%) [2/2]	100% (100%, 100%) [3/3]	100% (100%, 100%)	83% (42%, 97%)
Specificity	78% (20%, 100%) [7/9]	55% (25%, 84%) [6/11]	67% (36%, 97%) [6/9]	27% (1%, 54%) [3/11]	72% (40%, 91%)	41% (20%, 66%)
Overall Accuracy (no. correct/total)	82% (59%, 100%) [9/11]	57% (31%, 83%) [8/14]	73% (46%, 99%) [8/11]	43% (17%, 69%) [6/14]	77% (48%, 93%)	50% (29%, 71%)

^aResults presented as accuracy metrics (95% CI) and [positive or negative reads/total reads]. CEUS images were read by 2 independent readers. Results were considered per reader and as a combination of the 2 readers. For combined reader result, generalized estimating equations were used considering two readers’ values as repeated measurements (or responses)
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate

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