| Current foot ulceration | Lower extremity amputation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Total (N = 450) | Yes (n = 45) | No (n = 405) | P-value* | Yes (n = 46) | No (n = 404) | P-value* |
Mean age (SD), years | 67.5 (13.2) | 69.0 (10.3) | 67.3 (13.5) | 0.33 | 65.4 (11.2) | 67.7 (13.4) | 0.25 |
Male sex | 291 (64.7) | 36 (80.0) | 255 (63.0) | 0.035* | 37 (80.4) | 254 (62.9) | 0.028* |
Mean body mass index (SD), kg/m 2 | 28.2 (6.6) | 29.1 (6.5) | 28.1 (6.6) | 0.30 | 30.4 (6.3) | 27.9 (6.6) | 0.014* |
Current smoking | 54 (12.0) | 5 (11.1) | 49 (12.1) | 1.00 | 5 (10.9) | 49 (12.1) | 0.99 |
Living alone | 75 (16.7) | 6 (13.3) | 69 (17.0) | 0.67 | 10 (21.7) | 65 (16.1) | 0.44 |
Ethnicity | |||||||
 Indigenous Australian | 4 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.0) | 1.00 | 1 (2.2) | 3 (0.7) | 0.88 |
 English | 85 (18.9) | 9 (20) | 76 (18.8) | 1.00 | 12 (26.1) | 73 (18.1) | 0.94 |
 European | 194 (43.1) | 16 (35.6) | 178 (44.0) | 0.36 | 14 (30.4) | 180 (44.6) | 0.60 |
 American | 4 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.0) | 1.00 | 0 (0) | 4 (1.0) | 1.00 |
 African | 14 (3.1) | 1 (2.2) | 13 (3.2) | 1.00 | 2 (4.3) | 12 (3.0) | 0.95 |
 Asian | 67 (14.9) | 5 (11.1) | 62 (15.3) | 0.60 | 1 (2.2) | 66 (16.3) | 0.88 |
 Pacific Islander | 29 (6.4) | 3 (6.7) | 26 (6.4) | 1.00 | 5 (10.9) | 24 (5.9) | 0.33 |
 Othera | 53 (11.8) | 11 (24.4) | 42 (10.4) | 0.011* | 11 (23.9) | 42 (10.4) | 0.159 |
Cause of ESRD | |||||||
 Diabetes mellitus | 180 (40.0) | 37 (82.2) | 143 (35.3) | <0.001* | 42 (91.3) | 138 (34.2) | 0.98 |
 Hypertension | 28 (6.2) | 1 (2.2) | 27 (6.7) | 0.40 | 1 (2.2) | 27 (6.7) | 0.82 |
 Glomerulonephritis | 97 (21.6) | 2 (4.4) | 95 (23.5) | 0.006* | 0 (0) | 97 (24.0) | 0.88 |
 Polycystic kidney disease | 22 (4.9) | 1 (2.2) | 21 (5.2) | 0.61 | 1 (2.2) | 21 (5.2) | 0.104 |
 Reflux | 19 (4.2) | 1 (2.2) | 18 (4.4) | 0.76 | 1 (2.2) | 18 (4.5) | 0.67 |
 Renovascular disease | 10 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 10 (2.5) | 0.59 | 1 (2.2) | 9 (2.2) | 0.58 |
 Vasculitis | 9 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 9 (2.2) | 0.65 | 0 (0) | 9 (2.2) | 0.64 |
 Unknown | 15 (3.3) | 1 (2.2) | 14 (3.5) | 1.00 | 0 (0) | 15 (3.7) | 0.37 |
 Other | 70 (15.6) | 2 (4.4) | 68 (16.8) | 0.05 | 0 (0) | 70 (17.3) | 0.88 |
Dialysis treatment | |||||||
 Hemodialysis | 423 (94.0) | 42 (93.3) | 381 (94.1) | 1.00 | 43 (93.5) | 380 (94.1) | 0.41 |
Peritoneal dialysis | |||||||
 CAPD | 9 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 9 (2.2) | 0.65 | 0 (0) | 9 (2.2) | 0.64 |
 APD | 18 (4.0) | 3 (6.7) | 15 (3.7) | 0.58 | 3 (6.5) | 15 (3.7) | 0.79 |
Median duration of dialysis (IQR), months | 36.9 (16.6 to 70.1) | 37.5 (20.0 to 64.1) | 36.8 (16.5 to 71.8) | 0.91 | 38.3 (17.7 to 72.6) | 36.6 (16.6 to 69.5) | 0.77 |
Diabetes mellitus | 226 (50.2) | 39 (86.7) | 187 (46.2) | <0.001* | 43 (93.5) | 183 (45.3) | <0.001* |
 Type 1 | 13 (5.8) | 4 (10.3) | 9 (4.8) | 0.34 | 7 (15.2) | 6 (1.5) | 0.003* |
 Type 2 | 213 (94.2) | 35 (89.7) | 178 (95.2) | 0.34 | 36 (78.3) | 177 (43.8) | 0.003* |
 Mean duration (SD), months | 256.3 (152.6) | 348.8 (167.6) | 237.0 (142.3) | <0.001* | 301.8 (163.1) | 245.6 (148.5) | 0.043* |
Retinopathy | 132 (29.3) | 28 (62.2) | 104 (25.7) | <0.001* | 32 (69.6) | 100 (24.8) | <0.001* |
Known peripheral neuropathyb | 70 (15.6) | 20 (44.4) | 50 (12.3) | <0.001* | 26 (56.5) | 44 (10.9) | <0.001* |
Known peripheral arterial diseaseb | 79 (17.6) | 27 (60.0) | 52 (12.8) | <0.001* | 31 (67.4) | 48 (11.9) | <0.001* |
Lower extremity revascularization procedure | 35 (7.8) | 22 (48.9) | 13 (3.2) | <0.001* | 20 (43.5) | 15 (3.7) | <0.001* |
Hypertension (requiring medication) | 360 (80.0) | 36 (80.0) | 324 (80.0) | 1.00 | 40 (87.0) | 320 (79.2) | 0.29 |
Dyslipidemia | 301 (66.9) | 38 (84.4) | 263 (64.9) | 0.013* | 39 (84.8) | 262 (64.9) | 0.011* |
Ischemic heart disease | 263 (58.4) | 36 (80.0) | 227 (56.0) | 0.003* | 33 (71.7) | 230 (56.9) | 0.076 |
Congestive cardiac failure | 122 (27.1) | 18 (40.0) | 104 (25.7) | 0.061 | 15 (32.6) | 107 (26.5) | 0.48 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 104 (23.1) | 19 (42.2) | 85 (21.0) | 0.003* | 15 (32.6) | 89 (22.0) | 0.153 |
Osteoarthritis | 192 (42.7) | 17 (37.8) | 175 (43.2) | 0.60 | 15 (32.6) | 177 (43.8) | 0.194 |
Inflammatory arthritis | 183 (40.7) | 14 (31.1) | 169 (41.7) | 0.22 | 13 (28.3) | 170 (42.1) | 0.099 |
Median C-reactive protein (SD), mg/L c,d | 7.33 (2.83 to 19.67) | 10.00 (4.82 to 43.83) | 6.95 (2.67 to 18.08) | 0.011* | 10.89 (4.44 to 36.88) | 6.90 (2.67 to 18.50) | 0.026* |
Mean serum albumin (SD), g/L c | 33.73 (3.94) | 31.12 (4.76) | 34.01 (3.74) | <0.001* | 32.50 (4.32) | 33.86 (3.88) | 0.045 |
Mean total calcium (SD), mmol/L c | 2.20 (0.14) | 2.15 (0.13) | 2.20 (0.14) | 0.008* | 2.21 (0.12) | 2.20 (0.14) | 0.69 |
Mean phosphate (SD), mmol/L c | 1.55 (0.38) | 1.64 (0.39) | 1.54 (0.38) | 0.135 | 1.59 (0.41) | 1.55 (0.38) | 0.53 |
Median parathyroid hormone (SD), pmol/L c | 29.58 (18.04 to 45.84) | 28.03 (20.70 to 43.02) | 29.77 (17.38 to 46.25) | 0.83 | 28.52 (21.56 to 50.24) | 29.65 (17.38 to 45.43) | 0.54 |
Mean glycated hemoglobin (SD), % c,d | 6.14 (1.31) | 6.89 (1.24) | 6.05 (1.29) | <0.001* | 6.98 (1.36) | 6.03 (1.27) | <0.001* |
Median hemoglobin (IQR), g/L c | 111.33 (102.92 to 117.67) | 108.00 (99.50 to 115.83) | 111.67 (103.67 to 117.67) | 0.060 | 108.50 (99.25 to 115.25) | 111.67 (103.67 to 117.67) | 0.080 |
Mean SF-36v2® PCS (SD) | 38.14 (10.70) | 33.08 (8.92) | 38.71 (10.74) | 0.001* | 33.16 (9.93) | 38.71 (10.65) | 0.001* |
Mean SF-36v2® MCS (SD) | 48.55 (11.40) | 47.08 (13.96) | 48.71 (11.09) | 0.45 | 47.11 (13.56) | 48.71 (11.14) | 0.44 |
Previous foot ulceration | 97 (21.6) | 32 (71.1) | 65 (16.0) | <0.001* | 44 (95.7) | 53 (13.1) | <0.001* |
Current foot ulceration | 45 (10.0) | 45 (100.0) | N/A | N/A | 26 (56.5) | 19 (4.7) | <0.001* |
Lower extremity amputation | 46 (10.2) | 26 (57.8) | 20 (4.9) | <0.001* | 46 (100) | N/A | N/A |
 Minor | 39 (8.7) | 22 (48.9) | 17 (4.2) | <0.001* | 39 (84.8) |  |  |
 Major | 12 (2.7) | 8 (17.8) | 4 (1.0) | <0.001* | 12 (26.1) |  |  |
 Combination | 5 (1.1) | 4 (8.9) | 1 (0.2) | <0.001* | 5 (10.9) |  |  |