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Table 1 Participant characteristics – data are n (%), unless otherwise stated

From: Factors associated with foot ulceration and amputation in adults on dialysis: a cross-sectional observational study

 

Current foot ulceration

Lower extremity amputation

 

Total

(N = 450)

Yes

(n = 45)

No

(n = 405)

P-value*

Yes

(n = 46)

No

(n = 404)

P-value*

Mean age (SD), years

67.5 (13.2)

69.0 (10.3)

67.3 (13.5)

0.33

65.4 (11.2)

67.7 (13.4)

0.25

Male sex

291 (64.7)

36 (80.0)

255 (63.0)

0.035*

37 (80.4)

254 (62.9)

0.028*

Mean body mass index (SD), kg/m 2

28.2 (6.6)

29.1 (6.5)

28.1 (6.6)

0.30

30.4 (6.3)

27.9 (6.6)

0.014*

Current smoking

54 (12.0)

5 (11.1)

49 (12.1)

1.00

5 (10.9)

49 (12.1)

0.99

Living alone

75 (16.7)

6 (13.3)

69 (17.0)

0.67

10 (21.7)

65 (16.1)

0.44

Ethnicity

 Indigenous Australian

4 (0.9)

0 (0)

4 (1.0)

1.00

1 (2.2)

3 (0.7)

0.88

 English

85 (18.9)

9 (20)

76 (18.8)

1.00

12 (26.1)

73 (18.1)

0.94

 European

194 (43.1)

16 (35.6)

178 (44.0)

0.36

14 (30.4)

180 (44.6)

0.60

 American

4 (0.9)

0 (0)

4 (1.0)

1.00

0 (0)

4 (1.0)

1.00

 African

14 (3.1)

1 (2.2)

13 (3.2)

1.00

2 (4.3)

12 (3.0)

0.95

 Asian

67 (14.9)

5 (11.1)

62 (15.3)

0.60

1 (2.2)

66 (16.3)

0.88

 Pacific Islander

29 (6.4)

3 (6.7)

26 (6.4)

1.00

5 (10.9)

24 (5.9)

0.33

 Othera

53 (11.8)

11 (24.4)

42 (10.4)

0.011*

11 (23.9)

42 (10.4)

0.159

Cause of ESRD

 Diabetes mellitus

180 (40.0)

37 (82.2)

143 (35.3)

<0.001*

42 (91.3)

138 (34.2)

0.98

 Hypertension

28 (6.2)

1 (2.2)

27 (6.7)

0.40

1 (2.2)

27 (6.7)

0.82

 Glomerulonephritis

97 (21.6)

2 (4.4)

95 (23.5)

0.006*

0 (0)

97 (24.0)

0.88

 Polycystic kidney disease

22 (4.9)

1 (2.2)

21 (5.2)

0.61

1 (2.2)

21 (5.2)

0.104

 Reflux

19 (4.2)

1 (2.2)

18 (4.4)

0.76

1 (2.2)

18 (4.5)

0.67

 Renovascular disease

10 (2.2)

0 (0)

10 (2.5)

0.59

1 (2.2)

9 (2.2)

0.58

 Vasculitis

9 (2.0)

0 (0)

9 (2.2)

0.65

0 (0)

9 (2.2)

0.64

 Unknown

15 (3.3)

1 (2.2)

14 (3.5)

1.00

0 (0)

15 (3.7)

0.37

 Other

70 (15.6)

2 (4.4)

68 (16.8)

0.05

0 (0)

70 (17.3)

0.88

Dialysis treatment

 Hemodialysis

423 (94.0)

42 (93.3)

381 (94.1)

1.00

43 (93.5)

380 (94.1)

0.41

Peritoneal dialysis

 CAPD

9 (2.0)

0 (0)

9 (2.2)

0.65

0 (0)

9 (2.2)

0.64

 APD

18 (4.0)

3 (6.7)

15 (3.7)

0.58

3 (6.5)

15 (3.7)

0.79

Median duration of dialysis (IQR), months

36.9 (16.6 to 70.1)

37.5 (20.0 to 64.1)

36.8 (16.5 to 71.8)

0.91

38.3 (17.7 to 72.6)

36.6 (16.6 to 69.5)

0.77

Diabetes mellitus

226 (50.2)

39 (86.7)

187 (46.2)

<0.001*

43 (93.5)

183 (45.3)

<0.001*

 Type 1

13 (5.8)

4 (10.3)

9 (4.8)

0.34

7 (15.2)

6 (1.5)

0.003*

 Type 2

213 (94.2)

35 (89.7)

178 (95.2)

0.34

36 (78.3)

177 (43.8)

0.003*

 Mean duration (SD), months

256.3 (152.6)

348.8 (167.6)

237.0 (142.3)

<0.001*

301.8 (163.1)

245.6 (148.5)

0.043*

Retinopathy

132 (29.3)

28 (62.2)

104 (25.7)

<0.001*

32 (69.6)

100 (24.8)

<0.001*

Known peripheral neuropathyb

70 (15.6)

20 (44.4)

50 (12.3)

<0.001*

26 (56.5)

44 (10.9)

<0.001*

Known peripheral arterial diseaseb

79 (17.6)

27 (60.0)

52 (12.8)

<0.001*

31 (67.4)

48 (11.9)

<0.001*

Lower extremity revascularization procedure

35 (7.8)

22 (48.9)

13 (3.2)

<0.001*

20 (43.5)

15 (3.7)

<0.001*

Hypertension (requiring medication)

360 (80.0)

36 (80.0)

324 (80.0)

1.00

40 (87.0)

320 (79.2)

0.29

Dyslipidemia

301 (66.9)

38 (84.4)

263 (64.9)

0.013*

39 (84.8)

262 (64.9)

0.011*

Ischemic heart disease

263 (58.4)

36 (80.0)

227 (56.0)

0.003*

33 (71.7)

230 (56.9)

0.076

Congestive cardiac failure

122 (27.1)

18 (40.0)

104 (25.7)

0.061

15 (32.6)

107 (26.5)

0.48

Cerebrovascular disease

104 (23.1)

19 (42.2)

85 (21.0)

0.003*

15 (32.6)

89 (22.0)

0.153

Osteoarthritis

192 (42.7)

17 (37.8)

175 (43.2)

0.60

15 (32.6)

177 (43.8)

0.194

Inflammatory arthritis

183 (40.7)

14 (31.1)

169 (41.7)

0.22

13 (28.3)

170 (42.1)

0.099

Median C-reactive protein (SD), mg/L c,d

7.33 (2.83 to 19.67)

10.00 (4.82 to 43.83)

6.95 (2.67 to 18.08)

0.011*

10.89 (4.44 to 36.88)

6.90 (2.67 to 18.50)

0.026*

Mean serum albumin (SD), g/L c

33.73 (3.94)

31.12 (4.76)

34.01 (3.74)

<0.001*

32.50 (4.32)

33.86 (3.88)

0.045

Mean total calcium (SD), mmol/L c

2.20 (0.14)

2.15 (0.13)

2.20 (0.14)

0.008*

2.21 (0.12)

2.20 (0.14)

0.69

Mean phosphate (SD), mmol/L c

1.55 (0.38)

1.64 (0.39)

1.54 (0.38)

0.135

1.59 (0.41)

1.55 (0.38)

0.53

Median parathyroid hormone (SD), pmol/L c

29.58 (18.04 to 45.84)

28.03 (20.70 to 43.02)

29.77 (17.38 to 46.25)

0.83

28.52 (21.56 to 50.24)

29.65 (17.38 to 45.43)

0.54

Mean glycated hemoglobin (SD), % c,d

6.14 (1.31)

6.89 (1.24)

6.05 (1.29)

<0.001*

6.98 (1.36)

6.03 (1.27)

<0.001*

Median hemoglobin (IQR), g/L c

111.33 (102.92 to 117.67)

108.00 (99.50 to 115.83)

111.67 (103.67 to 117.67)

0.060

108.50 (99.25 to 115.25)

111.67 (103.67 to 117.67)

0.080

Mean SF-36v2® PCS (SD)

38.14 (10.70)

33.08 (8.92)

38.71 (10.74)

0.001*

33.16 (9.93)

38.71 (10.65)

0.001*

Mean SF-36v2® MCS (SD)

48.55 (11.40)

47.08 (13.96)

48.71 (11.09)

0.45

47.11 (13.56)

48.71 (11.14)

0.44

Previous foot ulceration

97 (21.6)

32 (71.1)

65 (16.0)

<0.001*

44 (95.7)

53 (13.1)

<0.001*

Current foot ulceration

45 (10.0)

45 (100.0)

N/A

N/A

26 (56.5)

19 (4.7)

<0.001*

Lower extremity amputation

46 (10.2)

26 (57.8)

20 (4.9)

<0.001*

46 (100)

N/A

N/A

 Minor

39 (8.7)

22 (48.9)

17 (4.2)

<0.001*

39 (84.8)

  

 Major

12 (2.7)

8 (17.8)

4 (1.0)

<0.001*

12 (26.1)

  

 Combination

5 (1.1)

4 (8.9)

1 (0.2)

<0.001*

5 (10.9)

  
  1. *Significant difference between ‘foot ulceration/amputation’ and ‘no foot ulceration/amputation’ groups, p < 0.05. SD Standard deviation. a‘Ethnicity other’ were for participants that identified themselves as ‘Australian’ (excluding Indigenous Australians). ESRD End-stage renal disease. CAPD Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. APD Automated peritoneal dialysis. IQR Interquartile range. bKnown peripheral neuropathy/known peripheral arterial disease were defined as a history of peripheral neuropathy/peripheral arterial disease documented in the medical records. cAn average of the three latest laboratory test values was collected. dMaximum missing data were for glycated hemoglobin involving 39 participants overall (8.7%). Missing data were for glycated hemoglobin (n = 39) and C-reactive protein (n = 3). SF-36v2® = Short-Form-36 version 2.0. PCS Physical component score. MCS Mental component score. N/A Not applicable