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Table 3 Rates of dietary adherence in ESKD (n = 44 studies of 23,177 patients)

From: An integrative review of the methodology and findings regarding dietary adherence in end stage kidney disease

 

Reported dietary adherence rate (%)

Authors, Year, Country

N / gender % male

CKD stage / RRT modality

Adherence Measurement Tool

Renal diet

Fluid

Energy

Protein

PO4

K

Na

Fat

CHO

Fibre

Ahrari et al., 2014, Iran [38]

237 / 57.7

HD

DDFQ

58.9

54.8

        

Antunes et al., 2010, Brazil [47]

79 / 60.7

HD & PD

3 day food recall

   

43.0

      

Baraz et al., 2010, Iran [59]

63 / 52.4

HD

Serum urea, uric acid creatinine, K, PO4

64.0

         

Barnett et al., 2007, Malaysia [62]

26 / 50.0

HD

IDWG

 

47.0

        

Casey et al., 2002, England [63]

21 / 52.0

HD

IDWG

 

61.9

        

Chan et al., 2012, Hong Kong [88]

188 / 48.9

HD

DDFQ

36.2

48.4

        

Serum K, PO4

27.7

 

IDWG

 

24.5

Chan et al., 2010, Hong Kong [39]

76 / 39.5

PD

DDFQ

65.8

85.0

        

77 / 68.8

44.2

66.2

Durose et al. 2004, United Kingdom [72]

71 / 58.0

HD

Serum PO4, K and IDWG

 

77.0

  

69.0

96.0

    

Elliott et al., 2015, USA [84]

95 / 57.0

HD

PAPM

    

32.6

     

Serum phosphate

43.8

Gordon et al., 2009, USA [35]

82 / 57.3

KT

Self-report

 

33.0

        

Gordon et al., 2010, USA [36]

88 / 58.0

KT

Self-report

 

35.0

        

Harvinder et al., 2013, Malaysia [45]

52 / 51.0a

PD

2 day food recall

  

11.0

21.0

      

38

PD

23.0

107 / 59.0b

HD

25.0

33.0

48

HD

16.0

Hecking et al., 2004, UK [78]

620 / 62.0

HD

Serum phosphate, potassium and IDWG

 

96.6

  

77.1

90.2

    

Hecking et al., 2004, Spain [78]

576 / 57.0

92.5

77.4

72.7

Hecking et al., 2004, Italy [78]

600 / 57.0

82.3

84.5

72.0

Hecking et al., 2004, France [78]

571 / 84.6

94.4

61.5

84.6

Hecking et al., 2004, Germany [78]

672 / 57.0

85.7

78.7

89.1

Johannson et al., 2013, England [49]

106 / 71.7

HD & PD

3 day food record

  

20.0

60.0

      

Kara et al., 2007, Turkey [40]

160 / 57.5

HD

DDFQ

49.1

31.9

        

Khalil et al., 2011, USA [76]

100 / 44.0

HD

DDFQ

66.0

50.0

        

Serum bloods

44.0

 

99.0

48.0

90.0

IDWG

 

9.0

   

Khalil and Darawad, 2014, Jordan [87]

190 / 54.0

HD

DDFQ

27.0

23.0

        

Serum bloods

46.0

 

20.0

83.0

80.0

IDWG

 

50.0

   

Khoueiry et al., 2001, USA [52]

70 / 54.0

HD

FFQ

   

31.4

  

48.6

T:7.1

SF:31.4

94.3

2.9

Kugler et al., 2011, Germany and USA [41]

456 / 57.9

HD

DDFQ

19.6

25.7

        

Kugler et al., 2005, Germany and Belgium [33]

916 / 52.9

HD

DDFQ

18.6

25.4

        

Lam et al., 2010, Hong Kong [42]

173 / 51.0

PD

DDFQ

38.0

64.0

        

Lee et al., 2002, Hong Kong [56]

62 / 50.0

HD

Self-report

66.0

63.0

        

Serum PO4, K

35.0

 

43.5

61.0

IDWG

 

40.3

  

Lindberg et al., 2009, Sweden [64]

4498 / 60.3

HD

IDWG

 

70.0

        

Mellon et al., 2013, Ireland [19]

50 / 60.0

HD

Serum PO4, K and IDWG

 

38.0

  

72.0

66.0

    

Molaison et al., 2003, USA [65]

316 / 50.6

HD

IDWG

 

24.6

        

Mason et al., 2014, Australia [60]

47 / 51.1

NDCKD

Urine

      

32.0

   

Moreira et al., 2013, Portugal [77]

130 / 63.8

HD

3 day food record

  

25.4

67.7

      

Morales Lopez et al., 2007, USA [58]

17 / 35

HD

Serum albumin, PO4, K and IDWG

   

76.0

88.0

65.0

    

17 / 35

59.0

88.0

76.0

    

O’Connor et al., 2008, Scotland [66]

73 / 60.3

HD

Serum PO4, IDWG

 

30.0

   

84.0

    

Paes-Barreto et al., 2013, Brazil [43]

43 / 51.2

HD

24 h food recall

   

46.5

      

46 / 52.2

37.0

Pang et al., 2001, China [67]

92 / 42.4

HD

IDWG

 

68.0

        

Park et al., 2008, South Korea [80]

64 / 56.3

HD

Serum PO4, K and IDWG

 

54.7

  

68.8

76.6

    

96 / 40.6

37.2

44.8

71.9

    

Poduval et al., 2003, USA [74]

117 / 52.1

HD

Calcium Phosphate product

    

42.0

     

Quan et al., 2006, China [50]

30 / 46.7

HD

3 day food record

19.5

         

Russell et al., 2001, USA [57]

19 / 47.0

HD

Serum albumin, PO4 and IDWG

 

78.9

 

100.0

68.4

     

Rocco et al., 2002, USA [46]

1000 / 46.4

HD

2 day food recall

  

24.0

39.0

      

enPCR

48.0

Saran et al., 2006, USA [27]

3359 / 55.1

HD

Serum PO4, K, and IDWG

 

83.2

  

84.6

93.7

    

Saran et al., 2006, Europe [27]

2337 / 59.7

89.0

87.2

80.0

Saran et al., 2006, Japan [27]

1980 / 62.4

65.5

87.9

92.4

Sharp et al., 2005, Scotland [68]

56 / 67.9

HD

IDWG

 

0.0

        

Sutton et al., 2001, England [82]

34 / 70.6

PD

5 day food record

  

11.8

21

70.6

     

Unruh et al., 2005, USA [75]

739 / 53.7

HD

Serum PO4, K

    

59.1

79.3

    

Vlaminck et al., 2001, Belgium [37]

564 / 49.1

HD

DDFQ

18.0

28.0

        

Wang et al., 2003, Hong Kong 53]

266 / 52.3

PD

7 day FFQ

  

25.5

39.1

      

Wang et al., 2007, Hong Kong [54]

249 / 50.6

PD

7 day FFQ

   

75.0

   

T:51.0

SF:84.0

80.0

 

Welch et al., 2001, USA [70]

148 / 52.0

HD

IDWG

 

33.8

        

Yusop et al., 2013, Malaysia [81]

90 / 48.9

HD

2 day food recall

 

31.1

20.0

24.4

82.2

100.0

86.7

   

Total number participants

23,177

Weighted mean adherence rate

31.5

68.5

23.1

45.5

79.8

85.6

61.4

TF:41.4

SF:72.5

83.1

2.9

  1. Legend: agender for total PD group; bgender proportion for total HD group; CKD Chronic Kidney Disease, CHO adherence to recommendations for carbohydrate intake, DDFQ Dialysis Diet and Fluid Non Adherence Questionnaire, enPCR equilibrated normalized protein catabolic rate, FFQ food frequency questionnaire, HD hemodialysis, IDWG interdialytic weight gain, K adherence to low potassium diet, KT kidney transplant; Na: adherence to recommendations for sodium intake: NDCKD non-dialysing adults with ESKD; PAPM Precaution Adoption Process Model tool, PO4 adherence to low phosphate diet, PD peritoneal dialysis, Renal diet refers to adherence to all components of the renal diet prescription, RRT renal replacement therapy type; T: adherence to recommendations for total fat intake; SF: adherence to recommendations for saturated fat intake; serum bloods: combination of serum potassium, phosphate and / or others (eg albumin or urea)