Fig. 1

Patient selection and classification. We treated 232 hemodialysis (HD) patients who underwent 3–4 h-hemodialysis sessions 3 times/week. Of these, we excluded 25 patients with abdominal computed tomography (CT) unavailable. We excluded patients with severe AC (ACI > 90%) in 2015, with an inadequate interval (≤ 10 months) of abdominal CT scans. Finally, the remaining 184 HD patients were included. We divided patients into two groups according to the 75th percentile of ΔACI: ΔACI-high (ΔACI ≥5.8%) or ΔACI-low (ΔACI < 5.8%)