Fig. 2

Levels of FEur according to gender, CKD, hypertension, and albuminuria status. Levels of FEur were compared among different groups in gender (a), CKD stages (b), hypertension status (c), and albuminuria (d) using a multivariate analysis. Females had higher levels in FEur than males (a). Compared with stage 1 CKD group, FEur increased in stage 3–5 CKD groups (b). And FEur was higher in stage 3 hypertension group than that in normo-tension group (c). Furthermore, participants in the macro-albuminuria group had significantly higher FEur compared with those in the normo-albuminuria group (d). a FEur in female and male; (b) FEur in CKD 1–5 stage; (c) FEur in H0: normo-tension; H1: stage 1 hypertension; H2: stage 2 hypertension; H3: stage 3 hypertension; (d) FEur in A1: UACR< 3 mg/mmol, normo-albuminuria; A2: 3 ≤ UACR≤30 mg/mmol, microalbuminuria; A3: UACR> 30 mg/mmol, macro-albuminuria. Error bars represent the standard deviation values. Error bars represent the interquartile range (IQR). *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs. female, CKD1, H0, A1 respectively. Abbreviations: FEur, fractional excretion of uric acid; UACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio; CKD, chronic kidney disease