Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study cohort. Baseline was defined as pre-hospitalization for patients with dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury and at the time of dialysis initiation for patients without dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury
| Â | Overall | ESRD Not Due to AKI-D | ESRD Due to AKI-D | Recovered AKI-D | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | (n = 6984) | (n = 3772) | (n = 1865) | (n = 1347) | P-Value |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 64.9 (14.0) | 64.8 (13.9) | 66.7 (13.5) | 62.9 (14.7) | < 0.001 |
Female Gender, n (%) | 3007 (43.1) | 1663 (44.1) | 806 (43.2) | 538 (39.9) | < 0.05 |
Self-reported Race, n (%) | Â | ||||
 White/European | 2787 (39.9) | 1295 (34.3) | 763 (40.9) | 729 (54.1) | < 0.001 |
 Black/African American | 1128 (16.2) | 638 (16.9) | 337 (18.1) | 153 (11.4) |  |
 Asian/Pacific Islander | 1397 (20.0) | 911 (24.2) | 322 (17.3) | 164 (12.2) | |
 Other/Unknown | 1672 (23.9) | 928 (24.6) | 443 (23.8) | 301 (22.3) | |
Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 1412 (20.2) | 821 (21.8) | 363 (19.5) | 228 (16.9) | < 0.001 |
Smoking status, n (%) |  | < 0.001 | |||
 Current Smoker | 529 (7.6) | 228 (6.0) | 149 (8.0) | 152 (11.3) |  |
 Former smoker | 2926 (41.9) | 1580 (41.9) | 809 (43.4) | 537 (39.9) | |
 Nonsmoker | 3529 (50.5) | 1964 (52.1) | 907 (48.6) | 658 (48.8) | |
Cardiovascular history, n (%) | Â | ||||
 Acute myocardial infarction | 373 (5.3) | 184 (4.9) | 135 (7.2) | 54 (4.0) | < 0.001 |
 Coronary artery bypass graft surgery | 111 (1.6) | 54 (1.4) | 36 (1.9) | 21 (1.6) | 0.37 |
 Percutaneous coronary intervention | 261 (3.7) | 128 (3.4) | 89 (4.8) | 44 (3.3) | < 0.05 |
 Heart failure | 2162 (31.0) | 1092 (29.0) | 757 (40.6) | 313 (23.2) | < 0.001 |
 Ischemic stroke or TIA | 323 (4.6) | 189 (5.0) | 88 (4.7) | 46 (3.4) | 0.06 |
 Peripheral artery disease | 369 (5.3) | 264 (7.0) | 76 (4.1) | 29 (2.2) | < 0.001 |
 Mitral and/or aortic valvular disease | 721 (10.3) | 313 (8.3) | 247 (13.2) | 161 (12.0) | < 0.001 |
 Atrial flutter or fibrillation | 943 (13.5) | 408 (10.8) | 326 (17.5) | 209 (15.5) | < 0.001 |
 Venous thromboembolism | 128 (1.8) | 53 (1.4) | 37 (2.0) | 38 (2.8) | < 0.01 |
Other medical history, n (%) | Â | ||||
 Diabetes mellitus | 4494 (64.3) | 2544 (67.4) | 1284 (68.8) | 666 (49.4) | < 0.001 |
 Hypertension | 6409 (91.8) | 3688 (97.8) | 1721 (92.3) | 1000 (74.2) | < 0.001 |
 Dyslipidemia | 5872 (84.1) | 3376 (89.5) | 1566 (84.0) | 930 (69.0) | < 0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 30.4 (7.7) | 29.8 (7.2) | 30.8 (8.0) | 31.6 (8.5) | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 134.0 (21.5) | 135.8 (20.0) | 135.9 (24.1) | 126.0 (19.8) | < 0.001 |
Baseline medication use, n (%) | Â | ||||
 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor | 1587 (22.7) | 684 (18.1) | 441 (23.6) | 462 (34.3) | < 0.001 |
 Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 1110 (15.9) | 615 (16.3) | 290 (15.5) | 205 (15.2) | 0.58 |
 Beta blocker | 4403 (63.0) | 2590 (68.7) | 1179 (63.2) | 634 (47.1) | < 0.001 |
 Calcium channel blocker | 3959 (56.7) | 2574 (68.2) | 1007 (54.0) | 378 (28.1) | < 0.001 |
 Diuretic | 4738 (67.8) | 2746 (72.8) | 1300 (69.7) | 692 (51.4) | < 0.001 |
 Alpha blocker | 1919 (27.5) | 1202 (31.9) | 504 (27.0) | 213 (15.8) | < 0.001 |
 Aldosterone receptor antagonist | 272 (3.9) | 68 (1.8) | 101 (5.4) | 103 (7.6) | < 0.001 |
 Nitrates | 1142 (16.4) | 626 (16.6) | 396 (21.2) | 120 (8.9) | < 0.001 |
 Vasodilators | 1976 (28.3) | 1248 (33.1) | 570 (30.6) | 158 (11.7) | < 0.001 |
 Antiarrhythmic drug | 156 (2.2) | 55 (1.5) | 54 (2.9) | 47 (3.5) | < 0.001 |
 Statin | 4561 (65.3) | 2647 (70.2) | 1202 (64.5) | 712 (52.9) | < 0.001 |
 Other lipid-lowering agent | 513 (7.3) | 294 (7.8) | 119 (6.4) | 100 (7.4) | 0.16 |
 Non-aspirin antiplatelet agent | 526 (7.5) | 284 (7.5) | 160 (8.6) | 82 (6.1) | < 0.05 |
 Low molecular weight heparin | 94 (1.3) | 28 (0.7) | 29 (1.6) | 37 (2.7) | < 0.001 |
 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug | 238 (3.4) | 41 (1.1) | 71 (3.8) | 126 (9.4) | < 0.001 |
 Diabetic therapy | 2820 (40.4) | 1588 (42.1) | 796 (42.7) | 436 (32.4) | < 0.001 |
Baseline laboratory values | Â | ||||
 CKD-EPI eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 |  | ||||
  Median (interquartile range) | 11.7 (8.4–20.0) | 9.8 (7.6–12.4) | 14.2 (9.5–24.1) | 51.4 (30.6–77.0) | < 0.001 |
  Missing, n (%) | 392 (5.6) | 57 (1.5) | 130 (7.0) | 205 (15.2) |  |
 Urine dipstick proteinuria |  | < 0.001 | |||
  Negative/Trace | 700 (10.0) | 218 (5.8) | 189 (10.1) | 293 (21.8) |  |
  1+ | 999 (14.3) | 515 (13.7) | 279 (15.0) | 205 (15.2) | |
  ≥2+ | 4246 (60.8) | 2889 (76.6) | 1109 (59.5) | 248 (18.4) | |
  Unknown | 1039 (14.9) | 150 (4.0) | 288 (15.4) | 601 (44.6) | |