Table 2 Factors associated with serum uric acid and hyperuricemia in Chronic Kidney Disease

Age

0.54 (0.25–0.84)

0.49 (0.24–0.74)

1.05 (1.02–1.09)

1.08 (1.03–1.13)

Male gender

0.15 (− 1.79–14.41)

1.96 (− 4.41–8.34)

0.85 (0.37–1.98)

0.58 (0.17–1.91)

Duration of CKD diagnosis (months)

− 0.01 (− 0.23–0.22)

−0.11 (− 0.26–0.05)

1.01 (0.99–1.04)

0.99 (0.96–1.03)

GFR (ml/min per 1.73m²)

−0.67 (− 0.91 - -0.43)

−0.36 (− 0.57 - -0.16)

0.93 (0.89–0.96)

0.94 (0.90–0.98)

 Stage 2/G2

− 15.08 (− 34.64–4.48)

2.68 (− 17.85–12.49)

–

–

 Stage 3a/G3a

3.61 (− 11.61–18.83)

10.79 (− 1.16–22.75)

1.2 (0.20–7.18)

5.44 (0.45–65.66)

 Stage 3b/G3b

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Stage 4/G4

20.55 (10.32–30.76)

17.49 (9.52–25.45)

9.11 (2.01–33.21)

24.66 (3.63–167.63)

 Stage 5/G5

20.82 (9.55–32.09)

13.28 (4.41–22.16)

6.67 (1.63–27.27)

7.73 (1.06–56.30)

Spot urine PCR (mg/g)

3.76 (1.12–6.40)

3.06 (1.09–5.04)

1.52 (1.01–2.30)

1.83 (1.07–3.12)

 No or Mild/A1

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Moderate/A2

8.81 (−3.08–20.70)

5.41 (− 5.26–16.07)

1.99 (0.57–6.90)

1.65 (0.39–6.90)

 Severe/A3

16.51 (6.56–26.46)

13.94 (4.92–22.95)

4.71 (1.59–13.99)

6.27 (1.66–23.60)

 Glomerular

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Tubulointerstitial

−3.31 (− 15.63–9.02)

5.76 (− 3.47–14.99)

0.77 (0.22–2.72)

1.71 (0.30–9.67)

 Vascular

7.36 (− 2.69–17.41)

4.39 (− 2.97–11.74)

1.10 (0.25–4.83)

2.25 (0.43–11.71)

 Mixed

−8.92 (− 22.86–5.02)

−5.67 (− 15.70–4.36)

2.20 (0.65–7. 40)

1.57 (0.24–10.19)

No Hypertension

−17.83 (− 27.17 - -8.48)

−18.37 (− 28.67 - -8.06)

0.06 (0.01–0.30)

0.09 (0.02–0.46)

Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

0.25 (0.09–0.40)

0.14 (0.02–0.25)

1.03 (1.01–1.06)

1.04 (1.01–1.07)

Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

0.58 (0.14–1.01)

0.35 (0.03–0.66)

1.05 (1.00–1.11)

1.06 (0.99–1.13)

Diabetes

9.01 (0.87–17.14)

4.34 (− 2.72–11.40)

2.09 (0.83–5.29)

1.40 (0.47–4.18)

HIV

−8.70 (− 20.45–3.04)

−5.15 (− 13.87–3.57)

0.76 (0.23–2.53)

1.37 (0.27–6.99)

Low protein diet

−8.31 (− 16.07 - -0.55)

−1.45 (− 7.70–4.80)

0.42 (0.18–0.98)

0.80 (0.29–2.21)

Low-Carb diet

8.36 (0.64–16.07)

−0.67 (− 7.18–5.84)

2.10 (0.91–4.86)

1.09 (0.41–2.91)

Low fat diet

6.20 (− 2.47–14.88)

−0.92 (− 7.16–5.32)

3.09 (1.06–9.02)

1.73 (0.44–6.81)

^bUrate lowering therapy

22.71 (16.00–29-42)

18.84 (12.98–24.71)

6.71 (2.32–19.37)

4.99 (1.54–16.16)

^cLoop diuretics

11.94 (3.75–20.13)

6.62 (0.25–12.99)

3.73 (1.29–10.82)

3.39 (1.01–11.42)

^dThiazide diuretics

4.82 (− 35.34–44.98)

−6.43 (− 34.72–21.86)

–

–

^eARB

−1.46 (− 19.78–16.87)

1.54 (11.69–14.77)

0.73 (0.12–4.57)

2.38 (0.08–69.14)

BMI (kg/m²)

1.06 (0.07–2.05)

0.49 (−0.35–1.32)

1.12 (0.99–1.26)

1.04 (0.89–1.21)

 Normal

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Overweight

4.99 (− 3.61–13.59)

5.52 (−1.38–12.41)

1.38 (0.57–3.35)

1.59 (0.56–4.53)

 Obesity

11.29 (0.57–22.02)

4.34 (−4.48–13.16)

6.65 (1.36–32.61)

6.12 (1.15–32.55)

Haemoglobin (g/dl)

−2.82 (− 5.00 - -0.63)

−1.61 (− 3.26–0.04)

0.77 (0.61–0.99)

0.86 (0.64–1.15)

No anaemia

− 27.42 (− 39.02 - -15.82)

−18.08 (− 27.55 - -8.61)

0.04 (0.00–0.29)

0.04 (0.00–0.46)

Total Cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.85 (− 8.33–18.0)

9.24 (− 2.54–21.02)

1.64 (0.38–7.40)

1.05 (0.11–9.77)

HDL-c (mmol/l)

− 29.28 (− 67.02–8.46)

−4.16 (− 33.53–25.22)

0.11 (0.01–7.30)

0.01 (0.00–30.34)

LDL-c (mmol/l)

4.81 (−12.63–22.25)

−1.06 (− 14.88–12.76)

1.81 (0.24–13.82)

0.38 (0.21–6.91)

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

5.30 (−7.67–18.27)

3.76 (− 5.59–13.11)

1.34 (0.32–5.67)

1.40 (0.96–12.34)

Dyslipidaemia

10.62 (−4.60–25.85)

11.23 (− 1.58–24.03)

4.25 (0.82–22.13)

2.13 (0.13–34.26)