Variable | All | Serum potassium at baseline (mmol/L)a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 3.5 | 3.5 to < 4.0 | 4.0 to < 4.5 | 4.5 to < 5.0 | 5.0 to < 5.5 | 5.5 to < 6.0 | ≥6.0 | ||
Number of patients | 191,964 | 3635 | 17,662 | 50,065 | 48,543 | 18,454 | 4250 | 1026 |
Follow-up time (years), mean (SD) | 4.96 (2.76) | 4.65 (3.06) | 5.17 (2.86) | 5.14 (2.80) | 5.02 (2.79) | 4.83 (2.81) | 4.62 (2.85) | 4.25 (2.94) |
Patient demographics, mean (SD)b | ||||||||
Age (years) | 72.48 (12.26) | 73.46 (13.08) | 72.45 (12.59) | 71.63 (12.39) | 72.03 (12.12) | 72.53 (11.80) | 72.67 (11.87) | 71.97 (13.48) |
Male, n (%) | 75,611 (39.39%) | 1145 (31.50%) | 6365 (36.04%) | 19,000 (37.95%) | 19,958 (41.11%) | 8118 (43.99%) | 1987 (46.75%) | 480 (46.78%) |
Current smoker, n (%) | 27,078 (16.1%) | 530 (16.20%) | 2511 (15.50%) | 7047 (15.31%) | 7577 (16.87%) | 2987 (17.48%) | 762 (19.35%) | 192 (20.3%) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.53 (5.89) | 27.80 (6.50) | 28.32 (5.92) | 28.44 (5.75) | 28.69 (5.90) | 28.71 (6.05) | 28.38 (6.14) | 28.41 (7.13) |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 139.77 (19.96) | 138.87 (21.95) | 140.33 (20.24) | 140.07 (20.05) | 139.82 (19.92) | 139.61 (20.09) | 139.86 (21.05) | 138.42 (23.69) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 50.96 (8.43) | 49.93 (8.84) | 51.59 (7.63) | 51.88 (7.54) | 51.14 (8.15) | 49.63 (9.45) | 47.00 (11.47) | 42.17 (14.48) |
Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 4.47 (0.53) | 3.20 (0.24) | 3.76 (0.13) | 4.22 (0.14) | 4.68 (0.14) | 5.15 (0.14) | 5.64 (0.13) | 6.36 (0.51) |
Serum phosphorus (mmol/L) | 1.14 (0.94) | 1.06 (0.24) | 1.08 (0.21) | 1.13 (1.32) | 1.14 (0.21) | 1.17 (0.24) | 1.23 (0.30) | 1.32 (0.39) |
Clinical history at baseline, n (%)c | ||||||||
History of diabetes | 28,089 (14.63%) | 330 (9.08%) | 1778 (10.07%) | 5658 (11.30%) | 7437 (15.32%) | 3719 (20.15%) | 1025 (24.12%) | 284 (27.68%) |
History of myocardial infarction | 6277 (3.27%) | 74 (2.04%) | 419 (2.37%) | 1433 (2.86%) | 1661 (3.42%) | 802 (4.35%) | 192 (4.52%) | 46 (4.48%) |
History of stroke | 12,087 (6.30%) | 251 (6.91%) | 1114 (6.31%) | 2969 (5.93%) | 2875 (5.92%) | 1198 (6.49%) | 272 (6.40%) | 73 (7.12%) |
History of arrhythmia | 14,835 (7.73%) | 313 (8.61%) | 1416 (8.02%) | 3812 (7.61%) | 3767 (7.76%) | 1482 (8.03%) | 327 (7.69%) | 83 (8.09%) |
History of peripheral vascular disease | 4620 (2.41%) | 76 (2.09%) | 374 (2.12%) | 1057 (2.11%) | 1174 (2.42%) | 507 (2.75%) | 148 (3.48%) | 40 (3.90%) |
History of chronic pulmonary disease | 18,401 (9.59%) | 381 (10.48%) | 1727 (9.78%) | 5003 (9.99%) | 4805 (9.90%) | 1911 (10.36%) | 414 (9.74%) | 95 (9.26%) |
History of malignancy | 17,658 (9.20%) | 443 (12.19%) | 1700 (9.63%) | 4658 (9.3%) | 4497 (9.26%) | 1814 (9.83%) | 404 (9.51%) | 122 (11.89%) |
History of metastatic tumour | 4296 (2.24%) | 121 (3.33%) | 466 (2.64%) | 1243 (2.48%) | 1082 (2.23%) | 421 (2.28%) | 108 (2.54%) | 31 (3.02%) |
History of rheumatic disease | 6377 (3.32%) | 155 (4.26%) | 784 (4.44%) | 1884 (3.76%) | 1538 (3.17%) | 538 (2.92%) | 119 (2.80%) | 30 (2.92%) |
History of peptic ulcer | 1649 (0.86%) | 30 (0.83%) | 126 (0.71%) | 410 (0.82%) | 405 (0.83%) | 178 (0.96%) | 34 (0.80%) | 7 (0.68%) |
History of dementia | 4749 (2.47%) | 179 (4.92%) | 561 (3.18%) | 1235 (2.47%) | 1009 (2.08%) | 360 (1.95%) | 80 (1.88%) | 35 (3.41%) |
Medication use at baseline, n (%)d | ||||||||
ACE inhibitors | 67,886 (35.36%) | 1116 (30.70%) | 5912 (33.47%) | 17,604 (35.16%) | 18,859 (38.85%) | 7970 (43.19%) | 1926 (45.32%) | 467 (45.52%) |
ARBs | 26,517 (13.81%) | 482 (13.26%) | 2465 (13.96%) | 6952 (13.89%) | 6850 (14.11%) | 2926 (15.86%) | 682 (16.05%) | 151 (14.72%) |
Renin inhibitors | 68 (0.04%) | 0 (0.00%) | 10 (0.06%) | 15 (0.03%) | 17 (0.04%) | 9 (0.05%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) |
MRAs | 4911 (2.56%) | 200 (5.50%) | 445 (2.52%) | 1106 (2.21%) | 1330 (2.74%) | 744 (4.03%) | 281 (6.61%) | 103 (10.04%) |
Any RAASi therapye | 92,267 (48.06%) | 1630 (44.84%) | 8235 (46.63%) | 23,931 (47.80%) | 25,102 (51.71%) | 10,567 (57.26%) | 2566 (60.38%) | 613 (59.75%) |
CCBs (DHP) | 45,640 (23.78%) | 1227 (33.76%) | 5106 (28.91%) | 12,191 (24.35%) | 11,294 (23.27%) | 4362 (23.64%) | 1117 (26.28%) | 290 (28.27%) |
CCBs (non-DHP) | 7568 (3.94%) | 148 (4.07%) | 798 (4.52%) | 2093 (4.18%) | 1885 (3.88%) | 745 (4.04%) | 184 (4.33%) | 31 (3.02%) |
NSAIDs | 26,739 (13.93%) | 466 (12.82%) | 2453 (13.89%) | 7277 (14.54%) | 7424 (15.29%) | 2993 (16.22%) | 695 (16.35%) | 159 (15.50%) |
Diuretics | 77,143 (40.19%) | 2842 (78.18%) | 10,850 (61.43%) | 21,548 (43.04%) | 16,819 (34.65%) | 6182 (33.5%) | 1478 (34.78%) | 407 (39.67%) |
Beta blockers | 48,570 (25.3%) | 994 (27.35%) | 4608 (26.09%) | 12,655 (25.28%) | 12,898 (26.57%) | 5277 (28.60%) | 1280 (30.12%) | 326 (31.77%) |
Statins | 82,815 (43.14%) | 1456 (40.06%) | 7479 (42.35%) | 21,479 (42.90%) | 22,269 (45.87%) | 9210 (49.91%) | 2103 (49.48%) | 481 (46.88%) |
Bronchodilators | 21,771 (11.34%) | 493 (13.56%) | 2059 (11.66%) | 5843 (11.67%) | 5879 (12.11%) | 2435 (13.19%) | 581 (13.67%) | 123 (11.99%) |