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Table 4 Model output for final risk equations

From: Serum potassium as a predictor of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: new risk equations using the UK clinical practice research datalink

Explanatory variable

Estimate

SE

t statistic

P-value

Incidence of death

 Constant

−4.1733

0.2272

−18.37

< 0.0001

 Serum potassium: < 3.5 mmol/L

0.9137

0.0300

30.47

< 0.0001

 Serum potassium: 3.5 to < 4.0 mmol/L

0.2385

0.0171

13.96

< 0.0001

 Serum potassium: 4.0 to < 4.5 mmol/L

0.0184

0.0127

1.45

0.1395

 Serum potassium: 5.0 to < 5.5 mmol/L

0.1304

0.0159

8.20

< 0.0001

 Serum potassium: 5.5 to < 6.0 mmol/L

0.4689

0.0262

17.91

< 0.0001

 Serum potassium: ≥6.0 mmol/L

1.0578

0.0499

21.20

< 0.0001

 Age at baseline (years)

0.0715

0.0008

95.05

< 0.0001

 Sex at baseline: Female

−0.3021

0.0111

−27.18

< 0.0001

 Smoker at baseline: Yes

0.4211

0.0157

26.90

< 0.0001

 Time with CKD (years)

0.0994

0.0022

44.71

< 0.0001

 Time-updated eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2; truncated at 60 mL/min/1.73m2)

− 0.0240

0.0006

−43.32

< 0.0001

 Time-updated prescribed RAASi: Yes

−0.7887

0.0113

−69.54

< 0.0001

 Time-updated history of HF: Yes

0.8336

0.0213

39.08

< 0.0001

 History of diabetes at baseline: Yes

0.3289

0.0160

20.58

< 0.0001

 History of cancer at baseline: Yes

0.3858

0.0171

22.60

< 0.0001

 History of PVD at baseline: Yes

0.2370

0.0290

8.17

< 0.0001

 History of dementia at baseline: Yes

0.7182

0.0251

28.67

< 0.0001

 History of MACE at baseline: Yes

0.2946

0.0133

22.12

< 0.0001

 Natural logarithm of baseline BMI (kg/m2)

−0.9316

0.0601

−15.51

< 0.0001

 Natural logarithm of baseline haemoglobin (g/cL)

−0.8928

0.0392

−22.76

< 0.0001

 Prescribed diuretics ±3 months of baseline: Yes

0.1574

0.0119

13.28

< 0.0001

 Prescribed bronchodilators ±3 months of baseline: Yes

0.3514

0.0154

22.81

< 0.0001

 Prescribed insulin ±3 months of baseline: Yes

0.3265

0.0338

9.66

< 0.0001

 Prescribed statins ±3 months of baseline: Yes

−0.1796

0.0116

−15.49

< 0.0001

Incidence of MACE

 Constant

−5.7072

0.0967

−59.01

< 0.0001

 Serum potassium: < 3.5 mmol/L

0.3126

0.0416

7.52

< 0.0001

 Serum potassium: 3.5 to < 4.0 mmol/L

0.1117

0.0199

5.62

< 0.0001

 Serum potassium: 4.0 to < 4.5 mmol/L

0.0257

0.0140

1.84

0.0731

 Serum potassium: 5.0 to < 5.5 mmol/L

−0.0110

0.0182

− 0.61

0.3322

 Serum potassium: 5.5 to < 6.0 mmol/L

0.0722

0.0353

2.05

0.0492

 Serum potassium: ≥6.0 mmol/L

0.1426

0.0825

1.73

0.0897

 Age at baseline (years)

0.0407

0.0007

55.07

< 0.0001

 Sex at baseline: Female

−0.2540

0.0148

−17.18

< 0.0001

 Smoker at baseline: Yes

0.0628

0.0198

3.17

0.0027

 Time with CKD (years)

0.0714

0.0027

26.33

< 0.0001

 Time-updated eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

−0.0032

0.0007

−4.88

< 0.0001

 History of diabetes at baseline: Yes

0.0518

0.0208

2.49

0.0181

 History of MACE at baseline: Yes

0.7804

0.0174

44.80

< 0.0001

 History of rheumatologic disease at baseline: Yes

0.0930

0.0364

2.55

0.0153

 History of CPD at baseline: Yes

0.2485

0.0220

11.29

< 0.0001

 Natural logarithm of baseline total cholesterol (mmol/L)

−0.1001

0.0345

−2.91

0.0066

 Prescribed CCBs ±3 months of baseline: Yes

0.1042

0.0152

6.86

< 0.0001

 Prescribed insulin ±3 months of baseline: Yes

0.2142

0.0416

5.14

< 0.0001

 Prescribed beta blockers ±3 months of baseline: Yes

0.2504

0.0156

16.06

< 0.0001

Incidence of RAASi discontinuation

 Constant

−1.6740

0.0254

−65.84

< 0.0001

 Serum potassium: < 3.5 mmol/L

0.0316

0.0329

0.96

0.2519

 Serum potassium: 3.5 to < 4.0 mmol/L

−0.1005

0.0144

−6.96

< 0.0001

 Serum potassium: 4.0 to < 4.5 mmol/L

−0.0653

0.0095

−6.87

< 0.0001

 Serum potassium: 5.0 to < 5.5 mmol/L

0.1148

0.0115

10.00

< 0.0001

 Serum potassium: 5.5 to < 6.0 mmol/L

0.3858

0.0192

20.09

< 0.0001

 Serum potassium: ≥6.0 mmol/L

1.0271

0.0352

29.16

< 0.0001

 Sex at baseline: Female

−0.1364

0.0094

−14.45

< 0.0001

 Time with CKD (years)

0.0161

0.0017

9.44

< 0.0001

 Time-updated eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2; truncated at 60 mL/min/1.73m2)

−0.0205

0.0004

−45.54

< 0.0001

 History of diabetes at baseline: Yes

0.2476

0.0128

19.32

< 0.0001

 History of rheumatologic disease at baseline: Yes

0.1235

0.0227

5.45

< 0.0001

 History of MACE at baseline: Yes

0.1432

0.0112

12.76

< 0.0001

 Prescribed diuretics ±3 months of baseline: Yes

0.2374

0.0096

24.60

< 0.0001

 Prescribed insulin ±3 months of baseline: Yes

0.1519

0.0239

6.34

< 0.0001

 Prescribed CCBs ±3 months of baseline: Yes

0.1197

0.0099

12.14

< 0.0001

  1. BMI body mass index, CCB calcium-channel blocker, CKD chronic kidney disease, CPD chronic pulmonary disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HF heart failure, MACE major adverse cardiac events, PVD peripheral vascular disease, RAASi renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor, SE standard error
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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