Table 2 Incidence of AKI, associated factors, measured outcomes and adjustments in the 8 included studies
Study | Follow up | Factors associated with AKI | Crude Mortality in AKI | AKI an independent risk factor for mortality | Disability and AKI | LOS (days) and AKI | Cost and AKI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covic et al., 2008 [19] | 30 days | Age, renal function on admission, IHD, CHF, hemorrhagic stroke | 43.1% vs 12.8% (P = 0.001) | No | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Khatri et al., 2014 [20] | Hospital discharge | Admission creatinine, NIHSS score | AIS: 33% vs 10% (P ≤ 0.001) ICH: 40% vs 30% (P = 0.020) | For AIS only OR 3.08 (95% CI 1.49–6.35, P = 0.002) Adjusted for age, sex, race, comorbidities, smoking, CTA, creatinine, NIHSS score | Not reported | Unadjusted AIS: 17.6 vs 8.4 days (P ≤ 0.001) ICH: 13.0 vs 8.0 days (P ≤ 0.001) | Not reported |
Lin et al., 2011 [21] | 1 year | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Mohamed et al., 2015 [22] | Hospital discharge | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not significant after adjustment | OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.51–4.58 Adjusted for comorbidities, complications, NIHSS score | Not reported |
Saeed et al., 2014 [23] | Hospital discharge | Not reported | 8.4% vs 2.9% (P ≤ 0.001) | OR 2.2 (95% CI 2.0–2.2, P ≤ 0.001) Adjusted for age, sex, race, comorbidities, GI bleeding, sepsis, nicotine dependence | OR for moderate/severe disability 1.3 (95% CI 1.3–1.4, P ≤ 0.001) Adjusted as for mortality | Unadjusted 6 vs 4 days (P < 0.0001) | Unadjusted USD 38,613 vs 24,474 (P < 0.0001) |
Saeed et al., 2015 [24] | Hospital discharge | Not performed | AKI: 28.7% vs 22.4% (P ≤ 0.001) AKI-D vs AKI: 50.2% vs 28.4% (P ≤ 0.001) | OR 1.5 (95% CI 1.4–1.6, P ≤ 0.001) Adjusted for age, sex, race, comorbidities, nicotine dependence, alcohol abuse, hospital bed size, hospital teaching status | OR for moderate/severe disability 1.2 (95% CI 1.1–1.3, P ≤ 0.001) Adjusted as for mortality | Unadjusted 12 vs 7 days (P < 0.0001) | Unadjusted USD 104,142 vs 54,315 (P < 0.0001) |
Tsagalis et al., 2008 [25] | 10 years | NIHSS score, CHF, ICH, GFR | 30-day mortality 21.8% vs 12.5% (P = 0.001) 10-year mortality 75.9% vs 57.7% (P = 0.001) | 10-year HR 1.24 (95% CI 1.07–1.44, P ≤ 0.01), Adjusted for sex, SBP, hematocrit, comorbidities, brain edema, antihypertensives, statin use | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Nadkarni et al., 2015 [26] AKI-D only | Hospital discharge | Not performed | AIS: 31.8% vs 5.6% (P ≤ 0.01) ICH: 40.4% vs 28.5% (P ≤ 0.01) | AIS: OR 1.30 (95% CI 1.02–1.48, P ≤ 0.001) ICH: OR 1.95 (95% CI 1.61–2.36, P ≤ 0.01) Adjusted for demographics, hospital characteristics, Charlson comorbidity index and other diagnoses | OR for adverse discharge category AIS: 1.18, 95% CI 1.02–1.37, P ≤ 0.01 ICH: 1.74; 95% CI 1.34–2.24, P ≤ 0.01 Adjusted as for mortality | Unadjusted AIS: 14.1 vs 3.6 days (P ≤ 0.01) ICH: 23.5 vs 5.3 days (P ≤ 0.01) | Unadjusted AIS: USD 32,596 vs 8039 (P ≤ 0.01) ICH: USD 58,111 vs 11,255 (P ≤ 0.01) |