Fig. 1

Detection of HIV mRNA in renal biopsy specimens by in situ hybridization (ISH). Representative ISH of HIV-1 RNA with antisense and sense probe (negative control) for patients with HIVAN (a and c) and for two patients with MCNS occurring in a context of HIV infection (b and d). In patients with HIVAN, antisense probe hybridization yields a positive signal for tubular epithelial cells and some glomerular cells (1a). A sense riboprobe was used as a negative hybridization control in serial sections (1c). No staining was detected in patients with MCNS in the absence of HIV infection (data not shown), whereas rare positive tubular cells (arrows) were observed in the absence of glomerular staining in two of four patients with MCNS in a context of HIV infection (b and d). Scale bar, 50 μm