Exposure | Participants (n) | Â | ESRD | P for interaction |
---|
Person-years | Cases | HR (95%CI) |
---|
Stratified by gendera | 0.07 |
Men |
 Non-usersb | 6289 | 106,431 | 115 | 1.00 (reference) |  |
 Current users | 21,607 | 357,800 | 435 | 1.12 (0.91–1.39) |  |
Women |
 Non-users | 8313 | 152,375 | 104 | 1.00 (reference) |  |
 Current users | 26,938 | 488,059 | 563 | 1.35 (1.08–1.67) |  |
Stratified by smoking statusc | 0.45 |
Never-smokers |
 Non-users | 10,925 | 200,202 | 150 | 1.00 (reference) |  |
Current users | 32,921 | 599,278 | 671 | 1.26 (1.05–1.52) |  |
Ever smokers |
 Non-users | 3677 | 58,603 | 69 | 1.00 (reference) |  |
 Current users | 15,624 | 246,580 | 327 | 1.15 (0.88–1.50) |  |
- aThe estimates were generated using Cox proportional hazards models, with adjustment for age at recruitment, dialect, education level, year of interview, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, total energy intake, total protein intake, red meat consumption, coffee consumption, weekly ginseng intake, weekly medicinal soup intake and self-reported history of physician-diagnosed hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease and stroke
- bNon-users were defined as never users and former users
- cThe estimates were generated using Cox proportional hazards models, with adjustment for age at recruitment, gender, dialect, education level, year of interview, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol use, total energy intake, total protein intake, red meat consumption, coffee consumption, weekly ginseng intake, weekly medicinal soup intake and self-reported history of physician-diagnosed hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease and stroke