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Table 3 Hazard ratios (95% CI) for risk of ESRD according to incense use, stratified by gender and smoking (n = 63,147)

From: Long-term incense use and the risk of end-stage renal disease among Chinese in Singapore: the Singapore Chinese health study

Exposure

Participants (n)

 

ESRD

P for interaction

Person-years

Cases

HR (95%CI)

Stratified by gendera

0.07

Men

 Non-usersb

6289

106,431

115

1.00 (reference)

 

 Current users

21,607

357,800

435

1.12 (0.91–1.39)

 

Women

 Non-users

8313

152,375

104

1.00 (reference)

 

 Current users

26,938

488,059

563

1.35 (1.08–1.67)

 

Stratified by smoking statusc

0.45

Never-smokers

 Non-users

10,925

200,202

150

1.00 (reference)

 

Current users

32,921

599,278

671

1.26 (1.05–1.52)

 

Ever smokers

 Non-users

3677

58,603

69

1.00 (reference)

 

 Current users

15,624

246,580

327

1.15 (0.88–1.50)

 
  1. aThe estimates were generated using Cox proportional hazards models, with adjustment for age at recruitment, dialect, education level, year of interview, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, total energy intake, total protein intake, red meat consumption, coffee consumption, weekly ginseng intake, weekly medicinal soup intake and self-reported history of physician-diagnosed hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease and stroke
  2. bNon-users were defined as never users and former users
  3. cThe estimates were generated using Cox proportional hazards models, with adjustment for age at recruitment, gender, dialect, education level, year of interview, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol use, total energy intake, total protein intake, red meat consumption, coffee consumption, weekly ginseng intake, weekly medicinal soup intake and self-reported history of physician-diagnosed hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease and stroke