Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants, stratified by use of routine medical care
From: Low use of routine medical care among African Americans with high CKD risk: the Jackson Heart Study
Characteristic | All participants N = 3191 | Age < 55 years N = 1167 (36.6%) | Age ≥ 55 years N = 2024 (63.4%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | RMC use N = 2491 (78.1%) | Low RMC use N = 700 (21.9%) | P Value | RMC use N = 827 (33.2%) | Low RMC use N = 340 (48.6%) | P Value | RMC use N = 1664 (66.8%) | Low RMC use N = 360 (51.4%) | P Value | |
Sociodemographic | ||||||||||
 Age, years, mean ± SD | 58.9 (11.39) | 59.85 (11.19) | 55.55 (11.47) | < 0.01 | 47 (5.93) | 45.67 (6.31) | < 0.01 | 66.23 (6.86) | 64.89 (6.21) | < 0.01 |
Sex |  |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | < 0.01 |
 Female | 2049 (64.21) | 1682 (67.52) | 367 (52.43) |  | 542 (65.54) | 158 (46.47) |  | 1140 (68.51) | 209 (58.06) |  |
 Male | 1142 (35.79) | 809 (32.48) | 333 (47.57) |  | 285 (34.46) | 182 (53.53) |  | 524 (31.49) | 151 (41.94) |  |
Education |  |  |  | 0.09 |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | < 0.01 |
  ≤ High school diploma | 1389 (43.53) | 1064 (42.71) | 325 (46.43) |  | 184 (22.25) | 103 (30.29) |  | 880 (52.88) | 222 (61.67) |  |
  > High school diploma | 1802 (56.47) | 1427 (57.29) | 375 (53.57) |  | 643 (77.75) | 237 (69.71) |  | 784 (47.12) | 138 (38.33) |  |
Income class categorya | Â | Â | Â | 0.10 | Â | Â | 0.37 | Â | Â | 0.05 |
 Lower/Lower-middle | 1139 (35.69) | 876 (35.17) | 263 (37.57) |  | 218 (26.36) | 103 (30.29) |  | 658 (39.54) | 160 (44.44) |  |
 Upper-middle/Upper | 1548 (48.51) | 1204 (48.33) | 344 (49.14) |  | 472 (57.07) | 186 (54.71) |  | 732 (43.99) | 158 (43.89) |  |
 Missing | 504 (15.79) | 411 (16.5) | 93 (13.29) |  | 137 (16.57) | 51 (15) |  | 274 (16.47) | 42 (11.67) |  |
Comorbidities & Behaviors | ||||||||||
BMI, kg/m2 | Â | Â | Â | 0.65 | Â | Â | 0.47 | Â | Â | 0.99 |
  < 30 | 1316 (41.24) | 1033 (41.47) | 283 (40.43) |  | 260 (31.44) | 115 (33.82) |  | 773 (46.45) | 168 (46.67) |  |
  ≥ 30 | 1875 (58.76) | 1458 (58.53) | 417 (59.57) |  | 567 (68.56) | 225 (66.18) |  | 891 (53.55) | 192 (53.33) |  |
Tobacco use |  |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | < 0.01 |
 Never | 2076 (65.06) | 1674 (67.2) | 402 (57.43) |  | 604 (73.04) | 209 (61.47) |  | 1070 (64.3) | 193 (53.61) |  |
 Former/current | 1115 (34.94) | 817 (32.8) | 298 (42.57) |  | 223 (26.96) | 131 (38.53) |  | 594 (35.7) | 167 (46.39) |  |
Hypertension |  |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | 0.03 |
 No | 259 (8.12) | 177 (7.11) | 82 (11.71) |  | 72 (8.71) | 47 (13.82) |  | 105 (6.31) | 35 (9.72) |  |
 Yes | 2932 (91.88) | 2314 (92.89) | 618 (88.29) |  | 755 (91.29) | 293 (86.18) |  | 1559 (93.69) | 325 (90.28) |  |
Hypertension controlb |  |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |
 Controlled | 1456 (49.66) | 1215 (52.51) | 241 (39) |  | 392 (51.92) | 103 (35.15) |  | 823 (52.79) | 138 (42.46) |  |
 Uncontrolled | 1467 (50.03) | 1092 (47.19) | 375 (60.68) |  | 363 (48.08) | 188 (64.16) |  | 729 (46.76) | 187 (57.54) |  |
Diabetes | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 | Â | Â | 0.37 | Â | Â | 0.09 |
 No | 2122 (66.5) | 1626 (65.27) | 496 (70.86) |  | 600 (72.55) | 256 (75.29) |  | 1026 (61.66) | 240 (66.67) |  |
 Yes | 1069 (33.5) | 865 (34.73) | 204 (29.14) |  | 227 (27.45) | 84 (24.71) |  | 638 (38.34) | 120 (33.33) |  |
Diabetes controlc | Â | Â | Â | 0.66 | Â | Â | 0.4 | Â | Â | 0.8 |
 Controlled | 475 (44.43) | 381 (44.05) | 94 (46.08) |  | 83 (36.56) | 37 (44.05) |  | 298 (46.71) | 57 (47.5) |  |
 Uncontrolled | 556 (52.01) | 453 (52.37) | 103 (50.49) |  | 133 (58.59) | 46 (54.76) |  | 320 (50.16) | 57 (47.5) |  |
CVD history | Â | Â | Â | 0.17 | Â | Â | 0.09 | Â | Â | 0.5 |
 No | 2741 (85.9) | 2128 (85.43) | 613 (87.57) |  | 764 (92.38) | 324 (95.29) |  | 1364 (81.97) | 289 (80.28) |  |
 Yes | 450 (14.1) | 363 (14.57) | 87 (12.43) |  | 63 (7.62) | 16 (4.71) |  | 300 (18.03) | 71 (19.72) |  |
CKD | Â | Â | Â | 0.73 | Â | Â | 0.33 | Â | Â | 0.13 |
 No | 1500 (47.01) | 1178 (47.29) | 322 (46) |  | 467 (56.47) | 183 (53.82) |  | 711 (42.73) | 139 (38.61) |  |
 Yes | 591 (18.52) | 463 (18.59) | 128 (18.29) |  | 113 (13.66) | 58 (17.06) |  | 350 (21.03) | 70 (19.44) |  |
CKD stage d | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 | Â | Â | 0.35 | Â | Â | 0.46 |
 1 or 2 | 297 (50.25) | 217 (46.87) | 80 (62.5) |  | 87 (76.99) | 50 (86.21) |  | 130 (37.14) | 30 (42.86) |  |
 3 | 251 (42.47) | 209 (45.14) | 42 (32.81) |  | 18 (15.93) | 6 (10.34) |  | 191 (54.57) | 36 (51.43) |  |
 4 or 5 | 40 (6.77) | 35 (7.56) | 5 (3.91) |  | 8 (7.08) | 2 (3.45) |  | 27 (7.71) | 3 (4.29) |  |
CKD awareness d,e | Â | Â | Â | 0.57 | Â | Â | 0.1 | Â | Â | 0.59 |
 No | 508 (85.96) | 396 (85.53) | 112 (87.5) |  | 95 (84.07) | 55 (94.83) |  | 301 (86) | 57 (81.43) |  |
 Yes | 81 (13.71) | 66 (14.25) | 15 (11.72) |  | 17 (15.04) | 3 (5.17) |  | 49 (14) | 12 (17.14) |  |
Healthcare access & utilization | ||||||||||
Health insurance |  |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | < 0.01 |
 No | 385 (12.07) | 253 (10.16) | 132 (18.86) |  | 124 (14.99) | 84 (24.71) |  | 129 (7.75) | 48 (13.33) |  |
 Yes | 2806 (87.93) | 2238 (89.84) | 568 (81.14) |  | 703 (85.01) | 256 (75.29) |  | 1535 (92.25) | 312 (86.67) |  |
Insurance type f | ||||||||||
 Medicare | 1128 (35.35) | 953 (38.26) | 175 (25) | < 0.01 | 64 (7.74) | 9 (2.65) | < 0.01 | 889 (53.43) | 166 (46.11) | 0.01 |
 Medicaid | 479 (15.01) | 393 (15.78) | 86 (12.29) | 0.03 | 62 (7.5) | 17 (5) | 0.16 | 331 (19.89) | 69 (19.17) | 0.81 |
 Private | 2052 (64.31) | 1616 (64.87) | 436 (62.29) | 0.22 | 622 (75.21) | 241 (70.88) | 0.14 | 994 (59.74) | 195 (54.17) | 0.06 |
Usual source of care |  |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | < 0.01 |
 No | 200 (6.27) | 93 (3.73) | 107 (15.29) |  | 41 (4.96) | 66 (19.41) |  | 52 (3.12) | 41 (11.39) |  |
 Yes | 2980 (93.39) | 2388 (95.87) | 592 (84.57) |  | 783 (94.68) | 274 (80.59) |  | 1605 (96.45) | 318 (88.33) |  |
Obtaining care |  |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | 0.02 |
 Less difficult | 2794 (87.56) | 2223 (89.24) | 571 (81.57) |  | 723 (87.42) | 263 (77.35) |  | 1500 (90.14) | 308 (85.56) |  |
 More difficult | 383 (12) | 262 (10.52) | 121 (17.29) |  | 102 (12.33) | 72 (21.18) |  | 160 (9.62) | 49 (13.61) |  |
Satisfaction with care |  |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | < 0.01 |  |  | < 0.01 |
 Less satisfied | 154 (4.83) | 88 (3.53) | 66 (9.43) |  | 40 (4.84) | 38 (11.18) |  | 48 (2.88) | 28 (7.78) |  |
 More satisfied | 2992 (93.76) | 2393 (96.07) | 599 (85.57) |  | 784 (94.8) | 278 (81.76) |  | 1609 (96.69) | 321 (89.17) |  |