Table 1 Patient profile and subgroup comparisons (mortality versus survivors); AND (RRT versus no RRT)
From: Electronic health records accurately predict renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury
Variables | Entire Cohort | Hospital Mortality | RRT | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survivors | Mortality | p-value | No RRT | Received RRT | p-value | |||||||
n = 3333 | n = 2941 | n = 392 |  | n = 3159 | n = 174 |  | ||||||
Demographics | ||||||||||||
 Age, mean (SD), yrs | 65 | (16) | 65 | (16) | 70 | (15) | < 0.0001 | 65 | (16) | 64 | (15) | 0.25 |
 Male gender, No. (%) | 1815 | (54) | 1607 | (55) | 208 | (53) | 0.56 | 1701 | (54) | 114 | (66) | 0.003 |
Comorbidities, No. (%) | ||||||||||||
 Diabetes mellitus | 1206 | (36) | 1088 | (37) | 118 | (30) | 0.008 | 1131 | (36) | 75 | (43) | 0.05 |
 Hypertension | 1532 | (46) | 1370 | (47) | 162 | (41) | 0.05 | 1445 | (46) | 87 | (50) | 0.27 |
 Ischemic heart disease | 486 | (15) | 418 | (14) | 68 | (17) | 0.10 | 430 | (14) | 56 | (32) | < 0.001 |
 Heart failure | 547 | (16) | 484 | (16) | 63 | (16) | 0.85 | 513 | (16) | 34 | (20) | 0.25 |
 Peripheral vascular disease | 123 | (4) | 114 | (4) | 9 | (2) | 0.12 | 114 | (4) | 9 | (5) | 0.29 |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 415 | (12) | 350 | (12) | 65 | (17) | 0.008 | 398 | (13) | 17 | (10) | 0.27 |
 Liver cirrhosis | 153 | (5) | 125 | (4) | 28 | (7) | 0.01 | 143 | (5) | 10 | (6) | 0.45 |
 Solid organ malignancy | 509 | (15) | 402 | (14) | 107 | (27) | < 0.001 | 497 | (16) | 12 | (7) | 0.002 |
 Haematological malignancy | 167 | (5) | 149 | (5) | 18 | (5) | 0.69 | 154 | (5) | 13 | (7) | 0.13 |
 Baseline eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 787 | (24) | 700 | (24) | 87 | (22) | 0.48 | 727 | (23) | 60 | (34) | 0.001 |
AKI-related variables | ||||||||||||
 Relative criterion (vs absolute), No. (%) | 3213 | (96) | 2835 | (96) | 378 | (96) | 0.97 | 3041 | (96) | 172 | (99) | 0.09 |
 AKI onset days from admission, median (IQR) | 1.3 | (0.5–4.6) | 1.2 | (0.5–4.2) | 1.5 | (0.6–6.4) | 0.003 | 1.3 | (0.5–4.6) | 1.1 | (0.4–3.5) | 0.29 |
 Hospital-associated AKI (vs community-acquired), No. (%) | 1293 | (39) | 1119 | (38) | 174 | (44) | 0.02 | 1233 | (39) | 60 | (34) | 0.23 |
Serum biochemistry at AKI detection, median (IQR) | ||||||||||||
 Sodium, mmol/L | 136 | (133–139) | 136 | (134–139) | 136 | (132–141) | 0.28 | 136 | (133–139) | 136 | (133–140) | 0.82 |
 Potassium, mmol/L | 4.1 | (3.7–4.5) | 4.1 | (3.7–4.5) | 4.2 | (3.8–4.7) | 0.0003 | 4.1 | (3.7–4.5) | 4.4 | (4.0–5.0) | < 0.0001 |
 Urea, mmol/L | 9.2 | (6.1–14.3) | 8.9 | (5.9–13.6) | 13.0 | (8.4–19.2) | < 0.0001 | 9.1 | (6.0–14.0) | 13.1 | (8.7–18.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Creatinine, μmol/L | 122 | (85–184) | 121 | (84–182) | 131 | (95–206) | 0.001 | 119 | (84–178) | 201 | (144–319) | < 0.0001 |
Delta serum creatinine, median (IQR), μmol/L | 0 | (0–11) | 0 | (0–7) | 10 | (0–77) | < 0.0001 | 0 | (0–8) | 116 | (21–225) | < 0.0001 |
RRT, No. (%) | 174 | (5) | 98 | (3) | 76 | (19) | < 0.001 |  | ||||
Admission details, No. (%) | Â | |||||||||||
 Medical (vs surgical) specialties | 2314 | (69) | 1991 | (68) | 323 | (82) | < 0.001 | 2201 | (70) | 113 | (65) | 0.19 |
 AKI detected in ICU | 418 | (13) | 298 | (10) | 120 | (31) | < 0.001 | 333 | (11) | 85 | (49) | < 0.001 |
Acute disease categories, No (%) | Â | |||||||||||
 Pneumonia | 329 | (10) | 241 | (8) | 88 | (22) | < 0.001 | 296 | (9) | 33 | (19) | < 0.001 |
 Urinary tract infection | 185 | (6) | 166 | (6) | 19 | (5) | 0.52 | 182 | (6) | 3 | (2) | 0.02 |
 Intraabdominal infection | 124 | (4) | 110 | (4) | 14 | (4) | 0.87 | 117 | (4) | 7 | (4) | 0.83 |
 Musculoskeletal infection | 159 | (5) | 154 | (5) | 5 | (1) | 0.001 | 153 | (5) | 6 | (3) | 0.40 |
 Acute cardiac diseases | 596 | (18) | 509 | (17) | 87 | (22) | 0.02 | 544 | (17) | 52 | (30) | < 0.001 |
 Hepatic decompensation | 98 | (3) | 73 | (2) | 25 | (6) | < 0.001 | 89 | (3) | 9 | (5) | 0.07 |
 Acute ischemic stroke | 109 | (3) | 87 | (3) | 22 | (6) | 0.006 | 104 | (3) | 5 | (3) | 0.76 |
 Intracranial haemorrhage (non-traumatic) | 99 | (3) | 93 | (3) | 6 | (2) | 0.07 | 99 | (3) | 0 | (0) | 0.02 |
Other secondary outcomes | ||||||||||||
 Total patients who received ICU care, No. (%) | 1290 | (39) | 1066 | (36) | 224 | (57) | < 0.001 | 1134 | (36) | 156 | (90) | < 0.001 |
 Hospitalization days from AKI onset, median (IQR) | 7.6 | (4.0–15.8) | 7.6 | (4.1–15.9) | 7.8 | (3.0–15.3) | 0.07 | 7.3 | (3.9–15.0) | 16.3 | (8.7–35.3) | < 0.0001 |