Fig. 4

Change in treatment outcomes in CKD and CKD with linagliptin-treated rats. Blood pressure (a), urine volume (b), blood urea nitrogen (c), serum creatinine (d), albumin (e), and creatinine clearance (f). Control, sham-operated; CKD 2, 4, and 8 weeks, 5/6 nephrectomized rats 2, 4, and 8 weeks post-treatment; Lina, linagliptin. Values are presented as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 vs. control; **p < 0.01 vs. control; ^†p < 0.05 vs. CKD, 2 weeks; ^††p < 0.01 vs. CKD, 2 weeks; ^‡p < 0.05 vs. CKD, 4 weeks; ^‡‡p < 0.01 vs. CKD, 4 weeks; ^¥p < 0.05 vs. CKD, 8 weeks; and ^¥¥p < 0.01 vs. CKD, 8 weeks