From: Epidemiology and health outcomes associated with hyperkalemia in a primary care setting in England
Overall (N = 195,178) | Serum K+ level during index HK event, mmol/L | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
5.0 to ≤ 5.5 (n = 177,945)a | > 5.5 to ≤ 6.0 (n = 14,020) | > 6.0 (n = 3213)b | ||
Age, years | 60.6 ± 16.6 | 60.5 ± 16.5 | 60.7 ± 17.0 | 63.7 ± 18.7 |
Female | 101,700 (52.1) | 92,847 (52.2) | 7174 (51.2) | 1679 (52.3) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 28.3 ± 6.1 | 28.4 ± 6.1 | 27.9 ± 6.1 | 27.8 ± 6.7 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 80.5 ± 21.1 | 80.6 ± 20.9 | 79.7 ± 22.0 | 78.2 ± 23.9 |
Smoking status | ||||
Never | 100,511 (51.5) | 91,977 (51.7) | 6933 (49.5) | 1606 (50.0) |
Current | 36,852 (18.9) | 33,212 (18.7) | 2962 (21.1) | 679 (21.1) |
Former | 57,042 (29.2) | 52,089 (29.3) | 4059 (28.9) | 888 (27.6) |
Unknown | 773 (0.4) | 667 (0.4) | 66 (0.5) | 40 (1.2) |
Comorbidities | ||||
Hypertension | 98,860 (50.7) | 90,156 (50.7) | 6839 (48.8) | 1865 (58.1) |
Hyperlipidemia | 38,245 (19.6) | 35,009 (19.7) | 2525 (18.0) | 711 (22.1) |
Ischemic heart disease | 24,886 (12.8) | 22,486 (12.6) | 1735 (12.4) | 665 (20.7) |
Myocardial infarction | 10,064 (5.2) | 9061 (5.1) | 703 (5.0) | 300 (9.3) |
Arrhythmia (including atrial fibrillation) | 18,475 (9.5) | 16,513 (9.3) | 1364 (9.7) | 598 (18.6) |
Atrial fibrillation | 13,182 (6.8) | 11,653 (6.6) | 1033 (7.4) | 496 (15.4) |
Heart failure | 4354 (2.2) | 3716 (2.1) | 349 (2.5) | 289 (9.0) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 12,620 (6.5) | 11,241 (6.3) | 964 (6.9) | 415 (12.9) |
Peripheral artery disease | 3531 (1.8) | 3154 (1.8) | 265 (1.9) | 112 (3.5) |
Diabetes (types 1 and 2) | 24,323 (12.5) | 22,203 (12.5) | 1649 (11.8) | 471 (14.7) |
Chronic kidney disease | 34,912 (17.9) | 31,560 (17.7) | 2457 (17.5) | 895 (27.9) |
Obstructive lung disease | 35,734 (18.3) | 32,405 (18.2) | 2607 (18.6) | 722 (22.5) |
Liver disease | 7483 (3.8) | 6600 (3.7) | 586 (4.2) | 297 (9.2) |
RAAS inhibitor use | ||||
Never | 126,475 (64.8) | 115,215 (64.8) | 9405 (67.1) | 1855 (57.7) |
Current | 59,465 (30.5) | 54,532 (30.7) | 4004 (28.6) | 929 (28.9) |
Former | 9238 (4.7) | 8198 (4.6) | 611 (4.4) | 429 (13.4) |
Concomitant medication | ||||
ACE inhibitor | 44,000 (22.5) | 40,367 (22.7) | 2989 (21.3) | 644 (20.0) |
ARB | 15,495 (7.9) | 14,253 (8.0) | 991 (7.1) | 251 (7.8) |
MRA | 3909 (2.0) | 3336 (1.9) | 395 (2.8) | 178 (5.5) |
Loop diuretic | 11,493 (5.9) | 10,126 (5.7) | 962 (6.9) | 405 (12.6) |
Thiazide diuretic | 14,204 (7.3) | 13,008 (7.3) | 927 (6.6) | 269 (8.4) |
NSAID | 18,049 (9.3) | 16,492 (9.3) | 1309 (9.3) | 248 (7.7) |
Antibiotic | 3068 (1.6) | 2652 (1.5) | 309 (2.2) | 107 (3.3) |