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Table 1 Patient demographics and baseline characteristics

From: Epidemiology and health outcomes associated with hyperkalemia in a primary care setting in England

 

Overall (N = 195,178)

Serum K+ level during index HK event, mmol/L

5.0 to ≤ 5.5

(n = 177,945)a

> 5.5 to ≤ 6.0

(n = 14,020)

> 6.0

(n = 3213)b

Age, years

60.6 ± 16.6

60.5 ± 16.5

60.7 ± 17.0

63.7 ± 18.7

Female

101,700 (52.1)

92,847 (52.2)

7174 (51.2)

1679 (52.3)

BMI, kg/m2

28.3 ± 6.1

28.4 ± 6.1

27.9 ± 6.1

27.8 ± 6.7

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

80.5 ± 21.1

80.6 ± 20.9

79.7 ± 22.0

78.2 ± 23.9

Smoking status

 Never

100,511 (51.5)

91,977 (51.7)

6933 (49.5)

1606 (50.0)

 Current

36,852 (18.9)

33,212 (18.7)

2962 (21.1)

679 (21.1)

 Former

57,042 (29.2)

52,089 (29.3)

4059 (28.9)

888 (27.6)

 Unknown

773 (0.4)

667 (0.4)

66 (0.5)

40 (1.2)

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

98,860 (50.7)

90,156 (50.7)

6839 (48.8)

1865 (58.1)

 Hyperlipidemia

38,245 (19.6)

35,009 (19.7)

2525 (18.0)

711 (22.1)

 Ischemic heart disease

24,886 (12.8)

22,486 (12.6)

1735 (12.4)

665 (20.7)

 Myocardial infarction

10,064 (5.2)

9061 (5.1)

703 (5.0)

300 (9.3)

 Arrhythmia (including atrial fibrillation)

18,475 (9.5)

16,513 (9.3)

1364 (9.7)

598 (18.6)

 Atrial fibrillation

13,182 (6.8)

11,653 (6.6)

1033 (7.4)

496 (15.4)

 Heart failure

4354 (2.2)

3716 (2.1)

349 (2.5)

289 (9.0)

 Cerebrovascular disease

12,620 (6.5)

11,241 (6.3)

964 (6.9)

415 (12.9)

 Peripheral artery disease

3531 (1.8)

3154 (1.8)

265 (1.9)

112 (3.5)

 Diabetes (types 1 and 2)

24,323 (12.5)

22,203 (12.5)

1649 (11.8)

471 (14.7)

 Chronic kidney disease

34,912 (17.9)

31,560 (17.7)

2457 (17.5)

895 (27.9)

 Obstructive lung disease

35,734 (18.3)

32,405 (18.2)

2607 (18.6)

722 (22.5)

 Liver disease

7483 (3.8)

6600 (3.7)

586 (4.2)

297 (9.2)

RAAS inhibitor use

 Never

126,475 (64.8)

115,215 (64.8)

9405 (67.1)

1855 (57.7)

 Current

59,465 (30.5)

54,532 (30.7)

4004 (28.6)

929 (28.9)

 Former

9238 (4.7)

8198 (4.6)

611 (4.4)

429 (13.4)

Concomitant medication

 ACE inhibitor

44,000 (22.5)

40,367 (22.7)

2989 (21.3)

644 (20.0)

 ARB

15,495 (7.9)

14,253 (8.0)

991 (7.1)

251 (7.8)

 MRA

3909 (2.0)

3336 (1.9)

395 (2.8)

178 (5.5)

 Loop diuretic

11,493 (5.9)

10,126 (5.7)

962 (6.9)

405 (12.6)

 Thiazide diuretic

14,204 (7.3)

13,008 (7.3)

927 (6.6)

269 (8.4)

 NSAID

18,049 (9.3)

16,492 (9.3)

1309 (9.3)

248 (7.7)

 Antibiotic

3068 (1.6)

2652 (1.5)

309 (2.2)

107 (3.3)

  1. Data are given as mean ± standard deviation or n (%)
  2. aOr Clinical Practice Research Datalink diagnosis code in the absence of laboratory results
  3. bOr Hospital Episode Statistics diagnosis code, regardless of serum K+ level
  4. ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HK hyperkalemia, K+ potassium, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system