Table 5 Incidence rates per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval) of clinical outcomes following index hyperkalemic event
From: Epidemiology and health outcomes associated with hyperkalemia in a primary care setting in England
Overall | Serum K+ level during index HK event, mmol/L | Comorbidity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.0 to ≤ 5.5a | > 5.5 to ≤ 6.0 | > 6.0b | Diabetes | CKD | HF | Hypertension | ||
HK recurrence | 8.07 (7.98–8.16) | 7.82 (7.73–7.91) | 10.68 (10.28–11.08) | 12.14 (11.14–13.21) | 17.17 (16.76–17.59) | 15.33 (15.02–15.65) | 20.98 (19.83–22.18) | 11.12 (10.97–11.27) |
HF | 0.61 (0.59–0.64) | 0.60 (0.58–0.63) | 0.64 (0.55–0.74) | 1.38 (1.07–1.75) | 1.18 (1.08–1.28) | 1.57 (1.48–1.66) | – | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) |
Cardiac arrhythmia | 1.07 (1.03–1.10) | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) | 1.83 (1.46–2.27) | 1.58 (1.46–1.70) | 2.47 (2.35–2.60) | 5.06 (4.33–5.88) | 1.57 (1.52–1.63) |
Cardiac arrest | 0.14 (0.13–0.15) | 0.13 (0.12–0.15) | 0.17 (0.12–0.22) | 0.44 (0.28–0.66) | 0.28 (0.23–0.33) | 0.31 (0.27–0.35) | 0.80 (0.61–1.03) | 0.20 (0.18–0.22) |
Decline in kidney function | 6.68 (6.60–6.76) | 6.54 (6.45–6.62) | 7.36 (7.04–7.69) | 14.61 (13.46–15.83) | 12.09 (11.75–12.43) | 9.69 (9.45–9.93) | 16.57 (15.56–17.64) | 8.75 (8.62–8.89) |
Acute kidney injury | 1.26 (1.23–1.30) | 1.18 (1.15–1.22) | 1.87 (1.71–2.03) | 4.09 (3.52–4.72) | 2.71 (2.56–2.87) | 4.00 (3.85–4.16) | 7.15 (6.49–7.85) | 1.94 (1.88–2.00) |
Dialysis | 0.14 (0.13–0.15) | 0.12 (0.11–0.13) | 0.21 (0.16–0.27) | 1.55 (1.23–1.94) | 0.31 (0.27–0.37) | 0.41 (0.36–0.46) | 0.57 (0.41–0.77) | 0.20 (0.19–0.22) |
All-cause mortality | 2.73 (2.68–2.78) | 2.51 (2.46–2.56) | 3.83 (3.61–4.05) | 12.57 (11.63–13.56) | 4.31 (4.13–4.50) | 7.09 (6.90–7.29) | 14.76 (13.91–15.65) | 3.85 (3.76–3.93) |
All-cause hospitalization | 14.14 (14.01–14.27) | 13.86 (13.73–13.99) | 15.53 (15.03–16.03) | 28.93 (27.22–30.72) | 17.6 (17.18–18.03) | 22.37 (21.98–22.77) | 43.17 (41.33–45.07) | 16.24 (16.05–16.43) |