Gout is associated with a higher risk of chronic renal disease in older adults: a retrospective cohort study of U.S. Medicare population

Table 2 Association of gout and other risk factors with Incident CKD

	Multivariable-adjusted (Model 1)*		Multivariable-adjusted (Model 2)*		Multivariable-adjusted (Model 3)*
	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Age (in years)
65 - < 75	Ref		Ref		Ref
75 - < 85	1.62 (1.60, 1.63)	< 0.0001	1.60 (1.58, 1.62)	< 0.0001	1.55 (1.53, 1.57)	< 0.0001
≥ 85	2.26 (2.23, 2.30)	< 0.0001	2.27 (2.24, 2.31)	< 0.0001	2.24 (2.21, 2.27)	< 0.0001
Gender
Male	Ref		Ref		Ref
Female	0.78 (0.77, 0.79)	< 0.0001	0.78 (0.77, 0.78)	< 0.0001	0.76 (0.75, 0.76)	< 0.0001
Race
White	Ref		Ref		Ref
Black	1.38 (1.36, 1.40)	< 0.0001	1.42 (1.39, 1.44)	< 0.0001	1.30 (1.28, 1.32)	< 0.0001
Other	0.98 (0.96, 1.00)	0.024	1.01 (0.99, 1.03)	0.46	0.96 (0.94, 0.98)	< 0.0001
Charlson-Romano score, per unit change	1.22 (1.21, 1.22)	< 0.0001	N/A		N/A
Charlson-Romano score
0	N/A		Ref		N/A
1			2.33 (2.30, 2.37)	< 0.0001
≥ 2			2.99 (2.96, 3.02)	< 0.0001
Gout	3.05 (2.99, 3.10)	< 0.0001	2.96 (2.91, 3.01)	< 0.0001	2.59 (2.54, 2.63)	< 0.0001

* Model 1 included Charlson-Romano score as a continuous variable; Model 2 replaced it with categorized Charlson-Romano score; and Model 3 replaced it with each of the 17 Charlson-Romano comorbidities. All models were also adjusted for medications for cardiovascular diseases (statins, beta-blockers, diuretics, ACE-inhibitors) and for urate-lowering therapies for gout (allopurinol, febuxostat)
N/A not applicable, HR Hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, Ref referent category
Bold represents statistical significance, with a P-value < 0.05

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