Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients according to etiology of CKD

Participants

1788

293

429

334

618

114

Age (years)

54.0 ± 12.2

47.0 ± 10.9

59.5 ± 9.2^‡

59.8 ± 10.9^‡

50.1 ± 12.1^‡

54.9 ± 13.1^‡

< 0.001

Female (n,%)

690 (38.6)

148 (50.5)

127 (29.6) ^‡

93 (27.8) ^‡

273 (44.2)

49 (43.0)

< 0.001

Hypertension (n,%)

1723 (96.4)

255 (87.0)

424 (98.8) ^‡

334 (100.0) ^‡

600 (97.1) ^‡

110 (96.5) ^‡

< 0.001

DM (n,%)

628 (35.1)

12 (4.1)

429 (100.0) ^‡

63 (18.9) ^‡

57 (9.2) ^‡

67 (58.8) ^‡

< 0.001

Current smoker (n,%)

272 (15.2)

40 (13.7)

70 (16.3) ^‡

63 (18.9) ^‡

80 (12.9)

19 (16.7)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.7 ± 3.4

23.6 ± 3.1

25.4 ± 3.3^‡

25.3 ± 3.5^‡

24.2 ± 3.3

25.5 ± 4.0^‡

< 0.001

 MI

33 (1.8)

1 (0.3)

18 (4.2) ^‡

8 (2.4) ^‡

\5 (0.8)

1 (0.9)

< 0.001

 Stroke

115 (6.4)

17 (5.8)

44 (10.3) ^‡

34 (10.2) ^‡

15 (2.4) ^‡

5 (4.4)

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

128.9 ± 16.3

128.7 ± 13.3

135.4 ± 18.1^‡

128.9 ± 15.4

124.1 ± 14.6^‡

131.0 ± 19.5

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

76.9 ± 11.1

80.5 ± 10.2

75.9 ± 11.6^‡

77.8 ± 11.4^‡

75.4 ± 10.0^‡

77.5 ± 13.4

< 0.001

 Stage 1

204 (11.4)

76 (25.9)

12 (2.8)

9 (2.7)

91 (14.7)

16 (14.0)

< 0.001

 Stage 2

326 (18.2)

90 (30.7)

30 (7.0)

37 (11.1)

141 (22.8)

28 (24.6)

 Stage 3a

326 (18.2)

43 (14.7)

65 (15.2)

77 (23.1)

127 (20.6)

14 (12.3)

 Stage 3b

400 (22.4)

39 (13.3)

110 (25.6)

94 (28.1)

128 (20.7)

29 (25.4)

 Stage 4

424 (23.7)

34 (11.6)

167 (38.9)

97 (29.0)

105 (17.0)

21 (18.4)

 Stage 5

108 (6.0)

11 (3.8)

45 (10.5)

20 (6.0)

26 (4.2)

6 (5.3)

Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.8 ± 1.1

1.3 ± 0.9

2.3 ± 1.3^‡

2.0 ± 1.2^‡

1.6 ± 1.0^‡

1.6 ± 0.9

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1. 73m²)

50.1 ± 29.9

68.1 ± 34.3

35.3 ± 20.4^‡

40.3 ± 21.0^‡

56.2 ± 30.3^‡

54.6 ± 31.9^‡

< 0.001

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

12.8 ± 2.0

13.3 ± 1.8

11.7 ± 1.9^‡

13.3 ± 2.0

13.2 ± 1.9

12.8 ± 2.3

< 0.001

Albumin (g/dL)

4.2 ± 0.4

4.4 ± 0.3

4.0 ± 0.5^‡

4.3 ± 0.3

4.1 ± 0.4^‡

4.2 ± 0.5^‡

< 0.001

Calcium (mg/dL)

9.1 ± 0.5

9.3 ± 0.5

8.9 ± 0.6^‡

9.2 ± 0.5

9.2 ± 0.5^‡

9.2 ± 0.5

< 0.001

Phosphorus (mg/dL)

3.7 ± 0.7

3.6 ± 0.6

3.9 ± 0.7^‡

3.6 ± 0.6

3.6 ± 0.6

3.8 ± 0.6

< 0.001

Sodium (mmol/L)

141.0 ± 2.3

141.1 ± 2.2

140.8 ± 2.7

141.1 ± 2.3

141.0 ± 2.2

140.4 ± 2.4

0.037

Potassium (mmol/L)

4.6 ± 0.6

4.4 ± 0.4

4.9 ± 0.6^‡

4.6 ± 0.6^‡

4.6 ± 0.5^‡

4.7 ± 0.6^‡

< 0.001

Chloride (mmol/L)

105.6 ± 3.5

105.6 ± 2.9

106.1 ± 4.2

105.6 ± 3.5

105.4 ± 3.3

105.1 ± 3.7

0.011

Total CO₂ (mmol/L)

25.7 ± 3.6

26.6 ± 3.2

24.9 ± 3.5^‡

25.5 ± 3.6^‡

26.1 ± 3.7

25.5 ± 3.8

< 0.001

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

96.5 ± 31.0

101.7 ± 27.6

89.8 ± 32.6^‡

93.8 ± 30.1^‡

100.1 ± 30.7

96.7 ± 32.0

< 0.001

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

49.1 ± 15.2

54.6 ± 14.0

43.1 ± 13.2^‡

46.3 ± 13.9^‡

51.6 ± 15.6^‡

52.0 ± 17.5

< 0.001

UPCR (g/g)*

0.5 (0.1–1.5)

0.8 (0.5–2.0)

1.6 (0.4–3.8) ^‡

0.3 (0.1–0.8) ^‡

0.6 (0.3–1.6) ^‡

0.6 (0.2–1.6) ^‡

< 0.001

UACR (mg/g)*

347.9 (77.9-1080.5)

35.2 (13.3–121.7)

1153.3^‡ (290.8-2642.9)

175.2^‡ (24.9–535.1)

483.7^‡ (216.2-1157.7)

404.6^‡ (102.0-1127.3)

< 0.001

Urine AGT/Cr ratio (μg/g)*

32.5 (9.2-139.3)

30.5 (12.5–82.7)

35.1 (6.8–232.7)

29.3 (9.9–123.4)

36.0 (9.0–137.9)

37.9 (8.4–205.3)

0.719

Urine osmolality (mOsm/kg)

511.4 ± 144.8

516.7 ± 156.2

462.9 ± 108.3^‡

504.8 ± 129.7

545.9 ± 159.3^‡

513.3 ± 142.6

< 0.001

TTKG

6.4 ± 2.4

7.2 ± 2.8

5.6 ± 2.1^‡

6.3 ± 2.3^‡

6.5 ± 2.4^‡

6.3 ± 2.4^‡

< 0.001

 Total

1539 (86.1)

229 (78.2)

375 (87.4) ^‡

278 (83.2)

559 (90.6) ^‡

98 (86.0)

< 0.001

 ARB only

1344 (75.2)

215 (73.4)

325 (75.8)

254 (76.0)

462 (74.9)

88 (77.2)

0.91

 ACEi only

96 (5.4)

12 (4.1)

24 (5.6)

11 (3.3)

43 (7.0)

6 (5.3)

0.14

 Dual blockade

99 (5.5)

2 (0.7)

26 (6.1) ^‡

13 (3.9) ^‡

54 (8.8) ^‡

4 (3.5) ^‡

< 0.001

 ARB^†

68.5 ± 32.2

68.9 ± 25.2

73.7 ± 34.3

66.6 ± 32.2

66.1 ± 31.2

67.0 ± 36.0

0.01

 ACEi^¶

8.9 ± 5.3

8.9 ± 5.3

10.6 ± 6.1

14.1 ± 10.4

10.2 ± 5.1

8.9 ± 5.3

0.051

Diuretics (n,%)

577 (32.3)

32 (10.9)

245 (57.1) ^‡

115 (34.4) ^‡

151 (24.5) ^‡

34 (29.8) ^‡

< 0.001

 Furosemide

39.1 ± 25.0

26.7 ± 10.3

42.0 ± 28.6

32.8 ± 15.3

38.0 ± 22.4

37.1 ± 15.4

0.145

 Torsemide

6.5 ± 7.8

-

4.8 ± 2.2

6.7 ± 2.6

4.8 ± 1.8

14.5 ± 20.0

0.161

 Hydrochlorothiazide

14.2 ± 4.9

14.8 ± 5.5

14.7 ± 6.3

14.2 ± 4.3

13.9 ± 3.9

11.9 ± 2.0

0.469

 Spironolactone

27.2 ± 11.0

25.0 ± 0.0

37.5 ± 17.7

33.3 ± 14.4

25.0 ± 7.9

26.6 ± 18.0

0.53

Calcium channel blocker (n, %)

750 (42.0)

101 (34.5)

240 (55.9) ^‡

169 (50.6) ^‡

184 (29.8)

56 (49.1) ^‡

< 0.001

Beta blocker (n, %)

457 (25.6)

72 (24.6)

155 (36.1) ^‡

108 (32.3) ^‡

92 (14.9) ^‡

30 (26.3)

< 0.001