Table 1 The clinical characteristics of study subjects at enrollment with respect to the presence of metabolic syndrome
|  | Total (N = 1754) | Subjects without MS (n = 636) | Subjects with MS (n = 1118) | P–value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 54.9 ± 12.1 | 52.3 ± 12.8 | 56.3 ± 11.4 | < 0.001 |
Sex, male, n (%) | 1110 (63.3) | 387 (60.8) | 723 (64.7) | 0.111 |
SBP (mmHg) | 128.5 ± 17.0 | 124.9 ± 16.4 | 130.6 ± 17.0 | < 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 76.0 ± 11.2 | 75.5 ± 10.9 | 76.5 ± 11.4 | 0.059 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 3.4 | 22.9 ± 2.9 | 25.8 ± 3.2 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 88.1 ± 9.8 | 81.4 ± 8.4 | 91.7 ± 8.5 | < 0.001 |
DM, n (%) | 700 (39.9) | 110 (17.3) | 590 (52.8) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 1719 (98.0) | 606 (95.3) | 1113 (99.6) | < 0.001 |
Preexisting CV disease, n (%) | 298 (17.0) | 72 (11.3) | 226 (20.2) | < 0.001 |
 CAD, n (%) | 110 (6.3) | 21 (3.3) | 89 (8.0) | < 0.001 |
 PVD, n (%) | 76 (4.3) | 22 (3.5) | 54 (4.8) | 0.175 |
 Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 110 (6.3) | 24 (3.8) | 86 (7.7) | 0.001 |
 HF, n (%) | 28 (1.6) | 9 (1.4) | 19 (1.7) | 0.648 |
 Arrhythmia, n (%) | 52 (3.0) | 19 (3.0) | 33 (3.0) | 0.966 |
Cause of CKD, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
 GN, n (%) | 746 (42.5) | 387 (60.8) | 359 (32.1) |  |
 Diabetic nephropathy, n (%) | 491 (28.0) | 72 (11.3) | 419 (37.5) |  |
 Hypertension, n (%) | 389 (22.2) | 142 (22.3) | 247 (22.1) |  |
 Others, n (%) | 128 (7.3) | 35 (5.5) | 93 (8.3) |  |
Laboratory findings | ||||
 eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 49.1 ± 28.6 | 53.1 ± 29.6 | 46.8 ± 27.9 | < 0.001 |
 Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.7 ± 2.1 | 12.8 ± 2.0 | 12.7 ± 2.1 | 0.798 |
 Albumin (g/dL) | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 0.357 |
 Uric acid (mg/dL) | 7.2 ± 1.9 | 7.1 ± 1.9 | 7.3 ± 1.9 | 0.025 |
 Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 0.002 |
 hsCRP, median, (IQR) (mg/dL) | 0.07 (0.03, 0.17) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.11) | 0.08 (0.03, 0.21) | 0.005 |
 Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL) | 113.9 ± 42.7 | 100.4 ± 28.5 | 121.5 ± 47.2 | < 0.001 |
 Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 173.4 ± 40.4 | 173.5 ± 36.2 | 173.3 ± 42.5 | 0.917 |
 Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 164.1 ± 103.1 | 106.3 ± 52.0 | 196.0 ± 110.2 | < 0.001 |
 LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 95.0 ± 32.7 | 96.5 ± 30.1 | 95.7 ± 34.1 | 0.609 |
 HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48.2 ± 15.5 | 56.5 ± 15.0 | 43.7 ± 13.8 | < 0.001 |
 Overt proteinuriaa, n (%) | 942 (61.0) | 319 (58.3) | 623 (62.5) | 0.108 |
Medication, n (%) | ||||
 ACEi or ARB, n (%) | 1521 (86.9) | 526 (83.0) | 995 (89.1) | < 0.001 |
 Diuretics, n (%) | 443 (25.3) | 99 (15.6) | 344 (25.3) | < 0.001 |
 Statin, n (%) | 998 (56.9) | 323 (50.8) | 675 (60.4) | < 0.001 |
 Ca-based P binders, n (%) | 161 (9.2) | 67 (10.5) | 94 (8.4) | 0.179 |