Quartile of net endogenous acid productiona, Men | P value for linear trend | Quartile of net endogenous acid production, Women | P value for linear trend | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (< 34.2 mEq/day) | Q2 (34.2 to 43.3 mEq/day) | Q3 (43.4 to 53.3 mEq/day) | Q4 (≥53.4 mEq/day) | Q1 (< 27.7 mEq/day) | Q2 (27.7 to 34.9 mEq/day) | Q3 (35.0 to 43.5 mEq/day) | Q4 (≥43.6 mEq/day) | |||
N | 813 | 812 | 812 | 813 | 858 | 859 | 859 | 858 | ||
PRALb, mEq/day | −18.7 (−27.5, −12.6) | −2.2 (−5.6, 0.8) | 7.0 (4.6, 9.6) | 17.7 (14.0, 23.5) | < 0.0001 | −32.8 (−44.1, − 25.3) | −14.6 (− 18.6, −11.0) | −2.9 (−6.0, 0.1) | 10.1 (6.1, 16.7) | < 0.0001 |
Age, years | 70.1 ± 9.8 | 69.8 ± 10.0 | 68.6 ± 10.3 | 68.2 ± 10.8 | < 0.0001 | 67.7 ± 8.8 | 68.6 ± 8.9 | 67.9 ± 9.8 | 68.8 ± 10.8 | 0.0613 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.9 ± 2.7 | 22.9 ± 2.9 | 22.8 ± 2.8 | 22.8 ± 2.9 | 0.2473 | 22.2 ± 3.1 | 22.6 ± 3.1 | 22.4 ± 3.3 | 22.5 ± 3.4 | 0.1091 |
Total physical Activityc, MET-hour/day | 42.0 (37.2, 49.0) | 41.3 (36.8, 47.8) | 40.8 (36.8, 48.3) | 41.3 (36.1, 48.3) | 0.0894d | 39.9 (36.9, 45.2) | 39.0 (36.1, 43.8) | 38.6 (36.0, 43.2) | 38.3 (35.4, 43.5) | < 0.0001d |
Smoking status | < 0.0001 | 0.4917 | ||||||||
Never-smoker | 194 (23.9) | 175 (21.6) | 178 (21.9) | 152 (18.7) | 750 (87.4) | 768 (89.4) | 755 (87.9) | 743 (86.6) | ||
Past smoker | 458 (56.3) | 476 (58.6) | 425 (52.3) | 428 (52.6) | 60 (7.0) | 69 (8.0) | 67 (7.8) | 69 (8.0) | ||
Current smoker | 161 (19.8) | 161 (19.8) | 209 (25.7) | 233 (28.7) | 48 (5.6) | 22 (2.6) | 37 (4.3) | 46 (5.4) | ||
Alcohol consumption, g ethanol/week | < 0.0001 | 0.5289 | ||||||||
None or rarely | 221 (27.2) | 178 (21.9) | 180 (22.2) | 194 (23.9) | 566 (66.0) | 551 (64.1) | 573 (66.7) | 595 (69.4) | ||
1–149 | 223 (27.4) | 226 (27.8) | 196 (24.1) | 180 (22.1) | 240 (28.0) | 252 (29.3) | 223 (26.0) | 208 (24.2) | ||
150–299 | 168 (20.7) | 192 (23.7) | 191 (23.5) | 170 (20.9) | 34 (4.0) | 36 (4.2) | 40 (4.7) | 31 (3.6) | ||
300–449 | 115 (14.2) | 129 (15.9) | 122 (15.0) | 128 (15.7) | 13 (1.5) | 12 (1.4) | 15 (1.8) | 15 (1.8) | ||
450- | 86 (10.6) | 87 (10.7) | 123 (15.2) | 141 (17.3) | 5 (0.6) | 8 (0.9) | 8 (0.9) | 9 (1.1) | ||
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 73.8 ± 15.3 | 74.3 ± 15.4 | 74.5 ± 16.1 | 75.1 ± 16.2 | 0.1098 | 74.3 ± 15.1 | 74.6 ± 14.4 | 74.6 ± 15.2 | 75.2 ± 16.2 | 0.2309 |
Urine albumin creatinine ratio, mg/mmol | 1.02 (0.57, 2.37) | 1.13 (0.57, 2.43) | 1.02 (0.57, 2.37) | 1.13 (0.68, 2.94) | 0.0301d | 1.36 (0.79, 2.49) | 1.47 (0.79, 2.71) | 1.47 (0.83, 3.05) | 1.58 (0.90, 3.16) | < 0.0001d |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 130.7 ± 18.2 | 131.5 ± 18.0 | 130.0 ± 17.7 | 131.6 ± 18.1 | 0.7031 | 127.6 ± 17.8 | 129.1 ± 18.2 | 128.4 ± 17.3 | 128.9 ± 18.3 | 0.2208 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 76.2 ± 11.2 | 76.0 ± 10.8 | 76.6 ± 10.8 | 77.4 ± 10.7 | 0.0147 | 73.1 ± 10.8 | 73.4 ± 10.6 | 73.6 ± 10.3 | 72.9 ± 10.7 | 0.8475 |
Pulse pressure, mmHg | 54.5 ± 13.6 | 55.5 ± 13.4 | 53.4 ± 13.7 | 54.1 ± 13.8 | 0.1494 | 54.5 ± 12.9 | 55.7 ± 13.6 | 54.9 ± 13.1 | 56.0 ± 13.7 | 0.0723 |
Hypertension | 444 (54.6) | 479 (59.0) | 456 (56.2) | 473 (58.2) | 0.3108 | 371 (43.2) | 391 (45.5) | 394 (45.9) | 415 (48.4) | 0.0387 |
Diabetes mellitus | 79 (9.7) | 69 (8.5) | 69 (8.5) | 74 (9.1) | 0.6803 | 38 (4.4) | 34 (4.0) | 39 (4.5) | 36 (4.2) | 0.9699 |
Nutritientse | ||||||||||
Energy, kcal/day | 2001.3 (1605.5, 2505.7) | 2069.6 (1661.7, 2564.4) | 2089.1 (1703.3, 2591.0) | 2032.7 (1569.6, 2680.4) | 0.0809d | 1750.7 (1378.1, 2230.2) | 1818.2 (1457.0, 2252.3) | 1826.0 (1466.1, 2307.9) | 1772.7 (1389.0, 2422.2) | 0.0490d |
Protein, g/day | 68.4 ± 14.1 | 70.9 ± 14.9 | 70.9 ± 14.4 | 71.6 ± 19.5 | 0.0001 | 67.5 ± 11.5 | 72.3 ± 11.5 | 74.9 ± 11.7 | 77.5 ± 16.3 | < 0.0001 |
Animal protein, g/day | 26.4 (18.8, 35.2) | 32.0 (22.8, 41.3) | 33.8 (25.1, 44) | 37.0 (24.4, 50.3) | < 0.0001d | 27.2 (20.0, 34.8) | 34.1 (27.3, 41.6) | 38.9 (31.3, 47.3) | 43.5 (33.1, 55.5) | < 0.0001d |
Plant protein, g/day | 40.3 ± 7.9 | 37.1 ± 8.1 | 35.3 ± 7.9 | 32.1 ± 8.7 | < 0.0001 | 38.8 ± 7.1 | 36.5 ± 7.4 | 35.1 ± 8.7 | 32.2 ± 9.1 | < 0.0001 |
Fat, g/day | 53.3 ± 19.2 | 54.3 ± 18.5 | 54.0 ± 17.5 | 54.3 ± 22.8 | 0.3476 | 57.7 ± 15.8 | 60.0 ± 14.5 | 62.5 ± 15.2 | 64.7 ± 19.3 | < 0.0001 |
Carbohydrate, g/day | 309.5 ± 50.2 | 295.2 ± 48.4 | 289.3 ± 50.0 | 276.7 ± 62.4 | < 0.0001 | 287.6 ± 37.8 | 272.3 ± 35.1 | 259.9 ± 37.2 | 246.6 ± 48.9 | < 0.0001 |
Potassium, mg/day | 3904.8 ± 956.1 | 3074.0 ± 666.9 | 2599.2 ± 542.4 | 2039.1 ± 616.5 | < 0.0001 | 4539.0 ± 949.9 | 3697.8 ± 598.7 | 3238.4 ± 522.7 | 2591.3 ± 636.8 | < 0.0001 |
Calcium, mg/day | 617.7 (482.4, 792.5) | 538.3 (415.8, 694.1) | 469.5 (362.0, 619.4) | 355.0 (251.2, 484.5) | < 0.0001d | 706.8 (576.2, 885.2) | 665.1 (539.9, 829.9) | 626.0 (488.2, 788) | 493.3 (374.6, 672.4) | < 0.0001d |
Magnesium, mg/day | 404.4 ± 99.3 | 338.0 ± 68.8 | 296.8 ± 59.2 | 248.4 ± 59.5 | < 0.0001 | 426.1 ± 94.1 | 367.1 ± 63.6 | 333.9 ± 59.2 | 278.5 ± 58.0 | < 0.0001 |
Phosphorus, mg/day | 1192.4 ± 274.8 | 1169.6 ± 295.0 | 1107.3 ± 251.1 | 1042.7 ± 283.9 | < 0.0001 | 1211.0 ± 242.4 | 1217.7 ± 241.7 | 1210.4 ± 246.1 | 1150.1 ± 265.8 | < 0.0001 |
Salt, g/day | 13.4 (10.3, 17.3) | 11.5 (9.3, 14.1) | 10.9 (8.7, 13.2) | 9.8 (7.6, 12.2) | < 0.0001d | 14 (11.2, 17.5) | 12.3 (9.9, 14.9) | 11.0 (9.0, 13.5) | 10.7 (8.7, 12.9) | < 0.0001d |
Food groupse | ||||||||||
Fish, g/day | 44.1 (24.2, 69.9) | 55.1 (31.6, 83.7) | 58.3 (33.4, 92.2) | 56.5 (28.0, 101.4) | < 0.0001d | 47.1 (28.2, 72.3) | 63.9 (38.8, 89.7) | 69.6 (42.3, 103.8) | 73.6 (39.8, 116.6) | < 0.0001d |
Meat, g/day | 35.8 (18.6, 58.2) | 46.8 (26.3, 73.6) | 56.0 (30.0, 89.1) | 67.0 (35.2, 115.4) | < 0.0001d | 35.4 (20.5, 54.8) | 46.8 (26.8, 71.9) | 58.3 (35.6, 84.7) | 77.6 (42.6, 121.3) | < 0.0001d |
Grain, g/day | 577.6 ± 170.4 | 610.7 ± 163.0 | 640.0 ± 164.9 | 662.5 ± 200.2 | < 0.0001 | 445.2 ± 134.5 | 483.2 ± 130.9 | 491.2 ± 132.8 | 521.4 ± 155.5 | < 0.0001 |
Legumes, g/day | 61.2 (34.5, 103.6) | 55.4 (32.7, 94.2) | 51.1 (28.2, 81.6) | 32.7 (15.2, 62.1) | < 0.0001d | 61.3 (35.3, 105.8) | 66.5 (42.5, 105.8) | 67.3 (39.5, 107.1) | 52.0 (27.0, 89.3) | < 0.0001d |
Egg, g/day | 18.5 (7.9, 33.8) | 21.4 (10.1, 38.0) | 22.3 (10.2, 37.4) | 23.4 (8.9, 47.1) | < 0.0001d | 17.1 (7.8, 30.8) | 22.2 (12.2, 37.0) | 24.2 (12.9, 39.2) | 41.0 ± 61.0 | < 0.0001d |
Vegetables, g/day | 410.9 (259.6, 601.6) | 247.8 (170.7, 315.2) | 184.1 (121.9, 249.7) | 108.8 (60.4, 164.1) | < 0.0001d | 558.1 (408.9, 759.6) | 365.7 (274.9, 486.5) | 277.1 (196.2, 361.9) | 177.7 (115.5, 252.8) | < 0.0001d |
Fruits, g/day | 197.4 (101.6, 323.1) | 129.9 (67.2, 206.1) | 95.8 (48.8, 157.6) | 43.6 (13.1, 89.5) | < 0.0001d | 314.1 (190.9, 469.7) | 227.8 (145.7, 326.1) | 166.8 (102.0, 247.9) | 102.5 (47.0, 165.4) | < 0.0001d |