Table 2 Odds ratios (95% CIs) for net endogenous acid production and risk of microalbuminuria (a), high normoalbuminuria (b), and high normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria (c)

(a)

P for trend

Men

Q1 (< 34.0 mEq/day)

Q2 (34.0 to 43.4 mEq/day)

Q3 (43.5 to 53.3 mEq/day)

Q4 (≥53.4 mEq/day)

Cases, n

147

154

151

178

Control, n

417

411

415

386

Unadjusted

1.00 (reference)

1.06 (0.82 to 1.38)

1.03 (0.79 to 1.35)

1.31 (1.01 to 1.69)

0.0598

Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.11 (0.84 to 1.46)

1.14 (0.87 to 1.50)

1.49 (1.14 to 1.95)

0.0047

Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.11 (0.84 to 1.47)

1.15 (0.87 to 1.53)

1.47 (1.12 to 1.94)

0.0074

Model 3

1.00 (reference)

1.12 (0.83 to 1.50)

1.19 (0.88 to 1.61)

1.47 (1.08 to 1.99)

0.0130

Women

Q1 (< 27.7 mEq/day)

Q2 (27.7 to 34.8 mEq/day)

Q3 (34.9 to 43.1 mEq/day)

Q4 (≥43.2 mEq/day)

Cases, n

142

171

187

205

Control, n

354

324

309

291

Unadjusted

1.00 (reference)

1.32 (1.01 to 1.72)

1.51 (1.16 to 1.97)

1.76 (1.35 to 2.29)

< 0.0001

Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.20 (0.90 to 1.60)

1.56 (1.18 to 2.08)

1.60 (1.20 to 2.13)

0.0003

Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.14 (0.85 to 1.52)

1.54 (1.15 to 2.06)

1.57 (1.18 to 2.11)

0.0004

Model 3

1.00 (reference)

1.09 (0.80 to 1.50)

1.65 (1.19 to 2.27)

1.54 (1.11 to 2.14)

0.0014

(b)

P for trend

Men

Q1 (< 34.0 mEq/day)

Q2 (34.0 to 43.0 mEq/day)

Q3 (43.1 to 53.0 mEq/day)

Q4 (≥53.1 mEq/day)

Cases, n

238

258

239

256

Control, n

417

397

416

399

Unadjusted

1.00 (reference)

1.14 (0.91 to 1.42)

1.01 (0.80 to 1.26)

1.12 (0.90 to 1.41)

0.5284

Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.15 (0.92 to 1.45)

1.07 (0.85 to 1.35)

1.22 (0.97 to 1.53)

0.1642

Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.15 (0.91 to 1.44)

1.06 (0.84 to 1.34)

1.19 (0.95 to 1.50)

0.2190

Model 3

1.00 (reference)

1.13 (0.89 to 1.43)

1.06 (0.83 to 1.35)

1.18 (0.93 to 1.51)

0.2391

Women

Q1 (< 27.2 mEq/day)

Q2 (27.2 to 34.6 mEq/day)

Q3 (34.7 to 43.2 mEq/day)

Q4 (≥43.2 mEq/day)

Cases, n

344

355

359

393

Control, n

338

327

324

289

Unadjusted

1.00 (reference)

1.07 (0.86 to 1.32)

1.09 (0.88 to 1.35)

1.34 (1.08 to 1.65)

0.0099

Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.05 (0.85 to 1.31)

1.11 (0.89 to 1.38)

1.32 (1.06 to 1.65)

0.0124

Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.04 (0.83 to 1.29)

1.10 (0.88 to 1.37)

1.32 (1.06 to 1.65)

0.0130

Model 3

1.00 (reference)

1.06 (0.84 to 1.33)

1.13 (0.89 to 1.43)

1.34 (1.05 to 1.70)

0.0163

(c)

P for trend

Men

Q1 (< 34.2 mEq/day)

Q2 (34.2 to 43.3 mEq/day)

Q3 (43.4 to 53.3 mEq/day)

Q4 (≥53.4 mEq/day)

Cases, n

393

411

391

426

Control, n

420

401

421

387

Unadjusted

1.00 (reference)

1.10 (0.90 to 1.33)

0.99 (0.82 to 1.21)

1.18 (0.97 to 1.43)

0.2155

Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.11 (0.91 to 1.36)

1.07 (0.87 to 1.30)

1.30 (1.07 to 1.59)

0.0212

Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.11 (0.91 to 1.36)

1.06 (0.87 to 1.30)

1.27 (1.04 to 1.56)

0.0414

Model 3

1.00 (reference)

1.09 (0.88 to 1.35)

1.09 (0.88 to 1.35)

1.28 (1.02 to 1.59)

0.0407

Women

Q1 (< 27.7 mEq/day)

Q2 (27.7 to 34.9 mEq/day)

Q3 (35.0 to 43.6 mEq/day)

Q4 (≥43.7 mEq/day)

Cases, n

504

533

541

578

Control, n

354

326

318

280

Unadjusted

1.00 (reference)

1.15 (0.95 to 1.39)

1.20 (0.98 to 1.45)

1.45 (1.19 to 1.77)

0.0003

Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.10 (0.90 to 1.34)

1.20 (0.98 to 1.47)

1.41 (1.15 to 1.74)

0.0007

Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.07 (0.87 to 1.31)

1.19 (0.97 to 1.45)

1.40 (1.14 to 1.72)

0.0010

Model 3

1.00 (reference)

1.08 (0.87 to 1.33)

1.21 (0.97 to 1.50)

1.39 (1.11 to 1.74)

0.0028