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Table 3 Odds ratios (95% CIs) for protein (a) or potassium (b) intake and risk of microalbuminuria

From: Association of estimated dietary acid load with albuminuria in Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study

(a)

Quartile of protein intake

P for trend

Men

Q1 (< 60.3 g/day)

Q2 (60.3 to 69.6 g/day)

Q3 (69.7 to 78.5 g/day)

Q4 (≥78.6 g/day)

 

Cases, n

146

156

161

167

 

Controls, n

418

410

403

398

 

Unadjusted

1.00 (reference)

1.09 (0.84 to 1.42)

1.14 (0.88 to 1.49)

1.20 (0.93 to 1.56)

0.1554

Model 1

1.00 (reference)

0.93 (0.71 to 1.23)

0.90 (0.68 to 1.18)

0.83 (0.63 to 1.09)

0.1738

Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.09 (0.82 to 1.45)

1.09 (0.81 to 1.47)

1.01 (0.74 to 1.38)

0.9946

Model 3

1.00 (reference)

1.11 (0.82 to 1.50)

1.07 (0.78 to 1.47)

0.96 (0.69 to 1.35)

0.7172

Women

Q1 (< 65.0 g/day)

Q2 (65.0 to 71.8 g/day)

Q3 (71.9 to 79.9 g/day)

Q4 (≥80.0 g/day)

 

Cases, n

154

158

186

207

 

Controls, n

341

338

310

289

 

Unadjusted

1.00 (reference)

1.04 (0.79 to 1.35)

1.33 (1.02 to 1.73)

1.59 (1.22 to 2.06)

< 0.0001

Model 1

1.00 (reference)

0.95 (0.71 to 1.28)

1.09 (0.82 to 1.45)

1.17 (0.88 to 1.55)

0.1824

Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.995 (0.74 to 1.34)

1.09 (0.82 to 1.46)

1.21 (0.91 to 1.62)

0.1476

Model 3

1.00 (reference)

0.97 (0.71 to 1.34)

1.11 (0.81 to 1.51)

1.19 (0.87 to 1.63)

0.1830

(b)

Quartile of potassium intake

   

P for trend

Men

Q1 (< 2246.2 mEq/day)

Q2 (2246.2 to 2796.1 mEq/day)

Q3 (2796.2 to 3451.1 mEq/day)

Q4 (≥3451.2 mEq/day)

 

Cases, n

168

157

146

159

 

Controls, n

397

408

418

406

 

Unadjusted

1.00 (reference)

0.91 (0.70 to 1.18)

0.83 (0.64 to 1.07)

0.93 (0.72 to 1.20)

0.4288

Model 1

1.00 (reference)

0.78 (0.59 to 1.02)

0.64 (0.49 to 0.84)

0.63 (0.48 to 0.83)

0.0005

Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.84 (0.64 to 1.11)

0.70 (0.52 to 0.93)

0.70 (0.52 to 0.94)

0.0101

Model 3

1.00 (reference)

0.83 (0.62 to 1.12)

0.64 (0.47 to 0.88)

0.63 (0.44 to 0.89)

0.0035

Women

Q1 (< 2860.8 mEq/day)

Q2 (2860.8 to 3417.8 mEq/day)

Q3 (3417.9 to 4056.2 mEq/day)

Q4 (≥4056.3 mEq/day)

 

Cases, n

191

179

172

163

 

Controls, n

305

316

325

332

 

Unadjusted

1.00 (reference)

0.91 (0.70 to 1.17)

0.85 (0.65 to 1.09)

0.78 (0.60 to 1.02)

0.0573

Model 1

1.00 (reference)

0.78 (0.59 to 1.04)

0.71 (0.53 to 0.94)

0.64 (0.48 to 0.85)

0.0021

Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.80 (0.60 to 1.06)

0.71 (0.53 to 0.95)

0.67 (0.50 to 0.89)

0.0050

Model 3

1.00 (reference)

0.83 (0.61 to 1.13)

0.74 (0.54 to 1.02)

0.65 (0.46 to 0.92)

0.0116

  1. Protein and potassium intake is calculated from a food frequency questionnaire and energy adjusted by the residual method
  2. ‘Controls’ means normoalbuminuric cases (ACR < 1.13 mg/mmol)
  3. Model 1 was adjusted for age (years, continuous); Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 plus body mass index (kg/m2, continuous), physical activity (metabolic equivalent task hour, continuous), smoking status (non-smoker, former smoker, or current smoker), alcohol consumption (< 150 g, 150–299 g, 300–449 g, > 450 g ethanol/week), energy intake (kcal/day, quartiles); and Model 3 was adjusted as for model 2 plus eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2, continuous), dietary salt intake (g/day, continuous), pulse pressure (mmHg, continuous), diabetes (yes or no), and hypertention (yes or no)
  4. In model 2 and model 3, the number of subjects to be analyzed decreased by 4 men and 3 women due to missing values for physical activity
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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