Low-grade impairments in cognitive and kidney function in a healthy middle-aged general population: a cross-sectional study

Table 3 Results of the multivariate linear regression analysis using GFR as the independent variable and performances on the different cognitive tests as the dependent variables

	Model 1^a		Model 2^b		Model 3^c		Model 4^d		Model 5^e
	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P	β	P
	(95% CI)	P	(95% CI)	P	(95% CI)	P	(95% CI)	P	(95% CI)	P
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test	−0.65	0.006	−0.57	0.02	− 0.52	0.03	−0.52	0.03	−0.31	0.18
The Digit Symbol Substitution Test	(−1.12 to − 0.19)	0.006	(−1.03 to − 0.11)	0.02	(− 0.98 to 0.05)	0.03	(−0.98 to − 0.05)	0.03	(− 0.76 to 0.15)	0.18
The finger tapping test	−0.15	0.38	−0.14	0.43	−0.13	0.48	−0.12	0.49	−0.03	0.86
The finger tapping test	(−0.52 to 0.20)	0.38	(−0.50 to 0.21)	0.43	(−0.48 to 0.23)	0.48	(−0.48 to 0.23)	0.49	(0.39 to 0.32)	0.86
MMSE^f	−0.00	1.00	−0.003	0.92	−.004	0.91	−0.004	0.89	−0.003	0.93
MMSE^f	(−0.05 to 0.05)	1.00	(−0.06 to 0.06)	0.92	(−0.07 to 0.06)	0.91	(−0.07 to 0.05)	0.89	(−0.07 to 0.06)	0.93
The 12 word test pt 1	−0.05	0.19	−0.04	0.22	−0.04	0.22	−0.04	0.23	−0.02	0.58
The 12 word test pt 1	(−0.12 to 0.02)	0.19	(−0.11 to 0.03)	0.22	(−0.11 to 0.03)	0.22	(−0.11 to 0.03)	0.23	(−0.09 to 0.05)	0.58
The 12 word test pt 2^f	−0.02	0.84	−0.12	0.17	−0.14	0.10	−0.14	0.10	−0.13	0.17
The 12 word test pt 2^f	(−0.25 to 0.20)	0.84	(−0.30 to 0.05)	0.17	(−0.31 to 0.03)	0.10	(−0.31 to 0.03)	0.10	(−0.31 to 0.05)	0.17

Beta coefficients are presented as an increase in performance on each test per 10 ml/min/1.73 m² increase in mGFR. MMSE indicating Mini-Mental State Examination.
^aModel 1 was adjusted for age and gender
^bModel 2 was adjusted for the same variables as model 1, as well as the consumption of alcohol > 2–4 times per month (yes/no), daily numbers of cigarettes smoked, daytime ambulatory mean systolic and pulse pressures, LDL cholesterol levels, HDL cholesterols levels, triglyceride levels, and dichotomous variables for the use of angiotensin II blockers, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium blockers, beta blockers, and other antihypertensive medications
^cModel 3 was adjusted for the same variables as model 2, as well as hemoglobin A1c levels
^dModel 4 was adjusted for the same variables as model 3, as well as the urinary ACR
^eModel 5 was adjusted for the same variables as model 4, as well as the education level
^fA median regression analysis was used for performance on the MMSE and the 12-word test part 2

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