Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients and univariate comparisons in derivation cohort

 Male, n (%)

3414 (80.3)

3042 (80.8)

372 (76.7)

0.035

 Age, (years)

58.2 ± 11.6

57.8 ± 11.5

61.4 ± 12.5

< 0.001

  Hypertension, n (%)

2422 (57)

2094 (55.6)

328 (67.6)

< 0.001

  Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

1236 (29.1)

1062 (28.2)

174 (35.9)

< 0.001

  CVD, n (%)

1092 (25.7)

948 (25.2)

144 (29.7)

0.030

  Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

109 (2.6)

91 (2.4)

18 (3.7)

0.089

  CKD, n (%)

144 (3.4)

71 (1.9)

73 (15.1)

< 0.001

  Hyperlipemia, n (%)

1287 (30.3)

1166 (31)

121 (24.9)

0.007

  Cerebral infarction, n (%)

413 (9.7)

344 (9.1)

69 (14.2)

< 0.001

  Previous PCI, n (%)

508 (11.9)

436 (11.6)

72 (14.8)

0.037

 Extensive anterior MI, n (%)

700 (16.5)

584 (15.5)

116 (24)

< 0.001

 STEMI, n (%)

3251 (76.5)

2856 (75.8)

395 (81.4)

0.006

 Killip class ≥ 3

426 (10.0)

255 (6.8)

171 (35.3)

< 0.001

 Time from AMI attack on admission, (h)

6 (3–14)

6 (3–14)

6.5 (3–14)

0.656

 Time from AMI attack to reperfusion, (h)

6 (4–10)

6 (4–9.5)

6 (4–11)

0.097

 Time from admission to reperfusion > 120 min, n (%)

2196 (51.6)

1916 (50.9)

280 (57.7)

0.004

 Coronary angiography, n (%)

3884 (91.3)

3497 (92.9)

387 (79.8)

< 0.001

 Primary PCI, n (%)

2374 (55.8)

2110 (56)

264 (54.5)

0.532

 Left main artery, n (%)

254 (6.0)

210 (6.0)

44 (11.4)

< 0.001

 Two or more culprit lesions, n (%)

2266 (53.3)

2029 (57.8)

237 (61.4)

0.171

 Ventricular fibrillation, n (%)

137 (3.2)

91 (2.4)

46 (9.5)

< 0.001

 3 degree atrioventricular block, n (%)

57 (1.3)

34 (0.9)

23 (4.7)

< 0.001

 Cardiac arrest, n (%)

138 (3.2)

91 (2.4)

47 (9.7)

< 0.001

 Shock during hospitalization, n (%)

366 (8.6)

202 (5.4)

164 (33.8)

< 0.001

 Heart rate > 100 bpm on admission

243 (5.7)

171 (4.5)

72 (14.8)

< 0.001

 Systolic BP on admission, (mmHg)

120.5 ± 19.4

120.9 ± 18.9

117.9 ± 22.7

0.006

 Diastolic BP on admission, (mmHg)

74.0 ± 11.9

74.2 ± 11.7

73.0 ± 13.3

0.057

 Initial LVEF on admission, (%)

54.6 ± 9.8

55.1 ± 9.5

50.7 ± 11.1

< 0.001

 Initial LVDd on admission, (mm)

49.3 ± 5.4

49.2 ± 5.3

49.9 ± 6.2

0.051

 Initial RVDd on admission, (mm)

21.0 ± 5.5

21.0 ± 5.6

21.0 ± 3.8

0.537

 E/A > 1 on admission, n (%)

1263 (38.4)

1123 (38.7)

140 (36.6)

0.442

 Serum creatinine on admission, (umol/L)

74.9 (64.4–88.1)

73.8 (64.0–85.7)

89.0 (70.1–115.8)

< 0.001

 eGFR on admission, [ml/(min·1.73 m²)]

100.6 (82.6–121.6)

102.3 (85.4–122.7)

80.0 (56.0–105.6)

< 0.001

 hCRP on admission, (mg/L)

7.8 (3.0–19.4)

7.3 (2.8–18.0)

11.5 (4.5–30.5)

< 0.001

 FBG on admission, (mmol/L)

6.0 (5.4–7.4)

6.0 (5.3–7.3)

6.5 (5.6–8.4)

< 0.001

 HBA1C, (%)

6.5 ± 1.5

6.5 ± 1.5

6.6 ± 1.4

0.035

 Serum sodium on admission, (mmol/L)

139.1 ± 3.6

139.2 ± 3.5

138.3 ± 4.0

< 0.001

 Serum calcium on admission, (mmol/L)

2.2 ± 0.1

2.2 ± 0.1

2.2 ± 0.2

< 0.001

 Albumin on admission, (g/L)

39.2 ± 4.1

39.3 ± 3.9

37.9 ± 5.0

< 0.001

 Uric acid on admission, (umol/L)

328.9 (270.9–394.9)

326.8 (268.7–390.4)

357.0 (283.8–432.2)

< 0.001

 Totalcholesterol, (mmol/L)

4.6 ± 1.1

4.6 ± 1.1

4.5 ± 1.1

0.175

 Triglyceride, (mmol/L)

1.5 (1.1–2.2)

1.5 (1.1–2.2)

1.4 (1.0–2.0)

0.158

 Low density lipoprotein, (mmol/L)

2.9 ± 0.9

2.9 ± 0.9

2.8 ± 0.9

0.008

 High density lipoprotein, (mmol/L)

1.0 ± 0.3

1.0 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.3

0.102

 Leukocyte on admission,(× 10⁹/L)

10.2 ± 3.6

10.0 ± 3.5

11.2 ± 4.2

< 0.001

 Hemoglobin on admission, (g/L)

143.4 ± 17.2

144.3 ± 16.5

137.3 ± 20.7

< 0.001

 Hematocrit on admission, (%)

41.5 ± 4.5

41.7 ± 4.3

40.1 ± 5.4

< 0.001

 Peak serum TNI ≥ 100 ng/ml, n(%)

802 (18.7)

644 (17.1)

158 (32.6)

< 0.001

 Peak serum MB, (ug/L)

112.3 (34.0–265.3)

107.5 (32.2–257.2)

173.4 (53.1–299.0)

< 0.001

 NT-ProBNP on admission, (pg/mL)

115 (41–327)

104 (39–259)

378 (89–1035)

< 0.001

 Furosemide dosage ≥ 60 mg/d, n (%)

102 (2.4)

47 (1.2)

55 (11.3)

< 0.001

 Intravenous nitrates, n (%)

1689 (39.7)

1442 (38.3)

249 (50.9)

< 0.001

 β-blocker, n (%)

3253 (76.5)

2905 (77.1)

348 (71.9)

0.011

 ACEI/ARB, n (%)

2543 (59.8)

2269 (60.2)

274 (56.5)

0.114

 Intravenous thrombolysis, n (%)

212 (5.0)

171 (4.5)

41 (8.5)

< 0.001

 Use of IABP, n (%)

174 (4.1)

107 (2.8)

67 (13.8)

< 0.001

 Pulmonary mechanical Ventilation, n (%)

192 (4.5)

127 (3.4)

66 (13.6)

< 0.001

 Temporary pacemaker, n (%)

47 (1.1)

31 (10.8)

16 (3.3)

< 0.001

 Contrast volume, (mL)

185.5 ± 102.0

189.7 ± 101.0

153.2 ± 104.0

< 0.001