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Table 3 Characteristics of Studies on Diagnostic Accuracy of Chronic Kidney Disease

From: Can billing codes accurately identify rapidly progressing stage 3 and stage 4 chronic kidney disease patients: a diagnostic test study

Reference

Location

Population selection criteria

Study timeframe

Sample size

Gold-standard definition of kidney disease

Diagnostic tool for kidney disease

Sensitivity & specificity

Additional notes

Current Study

Western New York

Outpatient data with two valid serum creatinine

2007–2014

216,529

KDOQI based on CKD-EPI eGFR

27 ICD-9 Codes

See Paper

Gold-Standard based on 2 eGFR measures

Chase et al. 2010 [16]

Columbia University Medical Center

Outpatient data with two elevated serum creatinine values

2003–2006

175

KDOQI based on CKD-MDRD eGFR

Electronic Health Records containing CKD documented in notes

95.4–99.8 & 99.8

All hypertensive patients

Ronksley 2012 [17]

Alberta, Canada

Outpatient with two elevated serum creatinine values

2004–2005

321,293

KDOQI based on CKD-MDRD eGFR

25 ICD-9 Codes

18.9–29.3 & 94.6–98.5

Gold-Standard based on 2 eGFR measures

Cipparone 2015 [4]

Buffalo, Kansas

Inpatient Chart Review

325

Chart review protocol based on KDOQI Guidelines

ICD-9585.3 Code

Prevalance of misdiagnosis; no Sensitivity or Specificity

Fleet 2013 [6]

Ontario, Canada

Outpatient age > 65

2007–2010

123,499

CKD-EPI eGFR < 60; <  45; <  30

Algorithm of hospital encounter and 11 ICD-9 Codes

18 & 98.2

Gold-Standard based on only 1 eGFR measure

Winkelmayer 2005 [24]

Pennsylvania

Medicare Inpatients

1999–2000

1852

CKD-MDRD eGFR < 60

22 ICD-9 Codes

2–27 & 93–100

Gold-Standard based on only 1 eGFR measure

Kern 2006 [22]

US VA and Medicare Systems

Inpatient and Outpatient Diabetics in VA System

1999–2000

263,730

CKD-MDRD eGFR < 60

79 ICD-9 Codes

20–41 & 95–99

Gold-Standard based on only 1 eGFR measure

Stevens 2005 [18]

Laboratory Corporation of America, Columbus, OH

Outpatient age > 39

2002–2003

277,111

CKD-MDRD eGFR < 60

51 ICD-9 Codes

10–51 & 95–98

Gold-Standard based on only 1 eGFR measure

Navaneethan 2011 [19]

Cleveland Clinic Patients

Outpatient with two elevated serum creatinine values and/or two ICD-9 diagnoses

2005–2010

296,249

KDOQI based on CKD-MDRD eGFR

8 ICD-9 Codes

>  80

Gold-Standard based on 2 eGFR measures

Lardon 2015 [20]

French PMSI Hospitals

Inpatient age 12–65 or 80

January, 2014

533

eGFR

Drools rules engine based on EHR and ICD-10

Analyzed hospital stays, rather than patients