Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population
Quintiles of Black Residents by Block Group Residence (N = 3918) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (1.0–19.1%e) n = 743 | Q2 (19.2–29.3%e) n = 803 | Q3 (29.5–45.8%e) n = 849 | Q4 (46.4–68.9%e) n = 736 | Q5 (69.3–100%e) n = 787 | P-Value | |
Demographics | ||||||
Age, years (mean (SD)) | 61.5(14.4) | 61.7 ± 14.6 | 61.7 ± 14.6 | 60.9 ± 14.9 | 64.9 ± 15.0 | < 0.001 |
Female (n(%)) | 294 (39.6) | 349 (43.5) | 372 (43.8) | 326 (44.3) | 379 (48.2) | 0.02 |
Race/Ethnicity (n(%)) | ||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 86 (11.6) | 45 (5.6) | 40 (4.7) | 38 (5.2) | 38 (4.8) | < 0.001 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 200 (26.9) | 289 (36.0) | 389 (45.8) | 402 (54.6) | 563 (71.5) | |
Hispanic | 362 (48.7) | 401 (49.9) | 368 (43.3) | 253 (34.4) | 138(17.5) | |
Other | 95 (12.8) | 68 (8.5) | 52 (6.1) | 43 (5.8) | 48(6.1) | |
English- speaker (n(%)) | 518 (69.7) | 576 (71.7) | 665 (78.3) | 618 (84.0) | 736 (93.5) | < 0.001 |
Socioeconomic variables | ||||||
Percent Living below the Poverty line (median % [IQR]) | 29.6 [15.1–39.4] | 34.7 [22.4–41.5] | 35.2 [20.5–48.4] | 29.8 [23.8–40.9] | 14.3 [7.4–20.5] | < 0.001 |
Mean Percent Graduated High School in the Area (percent (SD) | 69.1 ± 14.7 | 63.0 ± 13.5 | 65.1 ± 12.4 | 71.0 ± 11.8 | 80.4 ± 7.8 | < 0.001 |
Married(n(%)) | 286 (38.5) | 294 (36.6) | 257(30.3) | 228(31.0) | 273(34.7) | 0.002 |
State ADI rank (median (IQR)) | 4 [2–6] | 3 [2–6] | 2 [2–6] | 5 [2–6] | 4 [2–7] | < 0.001 |
SES (median (IQR)) | −3.39 [− 6.20-(− 1.04)] | −3.87 [− 6.40-(− 2.32)] | −4.06 [− 6.70-(− 2.38)] | −5.06 [− 7.02-(− 1.54)] | −1.98 [− 1.42-(− 0.98)] | < 0.001 |
Insurance (n(%)) | ||||||
Commercial | 85 (12.3) | 101 (13.6) | 97 (12.2) | 93 (13.7) | 103 (13.8) | 0.05 |
Medicaid | 289 (41.8) | 292 (39.3) | 303 (38.1) | 273 (40.3) | 246 (33.0) | |
Medicare | 317 (45.9) | 349 (47.0) | 395 (49.7) | 312 (46.0) | 396 (53.2) | |
Clinical Variables | ||||||
Living in SNF (n(%)) | 62 (9.0) | 89 (11.9) | 77 (9.7) | 55 (8.1) | 105 (14.0) | 0.001 |
Diabetes Mellitus (n(%)) | 444 (59.8) | 452 (56.3) | 470 (55.4) | 434 (59.0) | 472 (60.0) | 0.20 |
Heart Failure (n(%)) | 243 (32.7) | 262 (32.6) | 263 (31.0) | 237 (32.2) | 268 (34.0) | 0.77 |
Charlson Score (median (IQR)) | 4 [2–7] | 5 [2–7] | 5 [2–7] | 5 [2–7] | 5 [3–8] | 0.01 |
Permanent Catheter (n(%)) | 169 (22.7) | 197 (24.5) | 195 (23.0) | 129(17.5) | 165(21.0) | 0.01 |
aBMI, Kg/m2 (mean (SD)) | 26.9 ± 6.95 | 27.6 ± 9.4 | 27.0 ± 9.5 | 27.2 ± 7.5 | 26.6 ± 6.9 | < 0.001 |
bSerum Albumin, mg/dL (mean (SD)) | 3.77 ± 0.58 | 3.72 ± 0.61 | 3.73 ± 0.61 | 3.76 ± 0.63 | 3.74 ± 0.57 | 0.52 |
cMin phosphorus, mg/dL (mean (SD)) | 3.6 ± 1.39 | 3.6 ± 1.46 | 3.56 ± 1.48 | 3.62 ± 1.38 | 3.55 ± 1.48 | 0.25 |
cMax phosphorus, mg/dL (mean (SD)) | 6.12 ± 2.41 | 5.97 ± 2.20 | 5.97 ± 2.21 | 5.90 ± 2.30 | 5.90 ± 2.24 | 0.10 |
dMax Hemoglobin, mg/dL (mean (SD)) | 11.5 ± 1.78 | 11.5 ± 1.83 | 11.5 ± 1.86 | 11.6 ± 1.78 | 11.4 ± 1.72 | 0.24 |
dMin Hemoglobin, mg/dL (mean (SD)) | 9.16 ± 2.30 | 9.14 ± 2.27 | 9.02 ± 2.23 | 9.33 ± 2.27 | 8.88 ± 2.11 | 0.19 |
ED visits | ||||||
Number of visits per patient over the duration of the study (median (IQR)) | 3 (1–6) | 3 (1–7) | 3 (1–6) | 3(1–7) | 4 (1–8) | < 0.001 |