Skip to main content

Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes according to foot ulceration status at follow-up

From: Risk factors for foot ulceration in adults with end-stage renal disease on dialysis: a prospective observational cohort study

 

Total (N = 450)

Foot ulceration

Yes (n = 81)

No (n = 369)

P-value*

Foot ulceration, n (%)a

81 (18)

81 (100)

N/A

N/A

Total number of new foot ulcersb

211

211

  

 New, total no. (%)

200 (95)

200 (95)

 Reoccurring, total no. (%)

11 (5)

11 (5)

Time to onset of first foot ulcer, mean (SD), days

164 (127)

164 (127)

New lower extremity amputation, n (%)

12 (3)

12 (15)

0 (0)

 Minor, n (%)

12 (3)

12 (15)

0 (0)

 Major, n (%)

2 (0.4)

2 (3)

0 (0)

Total number of amputationsb

20

20

N/A

Minor, total no. (%)c

18 (90)

18 (90)

 

Major, total no. (%)d

2 (10)

2 (10)

Reason for amputation

  

 Infected foot ulcer, total no. (%)

8 (40)

8 (40)

 PAD/gangrene, total no. (%)

9 (45)

9 (45)

 Osteomyelitis, total no. (%)

3 (15)

3 (15)

Time to first amputation, mean (SD), days

202 (104)

202 (104)

Episodes of lower limb/foot infection, n (%)

96 (21)

53 (65)

43 (12)

< 0.001*

Total number of infectionsb

182

130

52

< 0.001*

Episodes of osteomyelitis, n (%)

24 (5)

23 (28)

1 (0.3)

< 0.001*

Foot-related hospitalizations, n (%)

42 (9)

35 (43)

7 (2)

< 0.001*

Total number of hospitalizationsb

74

66

8

0.08

Reason for hospital admission

    

 Infected foot ulcer, n (%)

17 (4)

16 (20)

1 (0.3)

0.10

 Lower extremity amputation, n (%)

5 (1)

4 (5)

1 (0.3)

> 0.99

 Lower extremity revascularization procedure, n (%)

8 (2)

4 (5)

4 (1)

0.09

 PAD/gangrene, n (%)

9 (2)

8 (10)

1 (0.3)

0.69

 Cellulitis, n (%)

7 (2)

4 (5)

3 (0.8)

0.31

 Osteomyelitis, n (%)

4 (0.9)

4 (5)

0 (0)

0.65

 Other, n (%)

10 (2)

8 (10)

2 (0.5)

> 0.99

Length of stay, mean (SD), days

25 (23)

28 (23)

10 (9)

0.002*

Lower extremity revascularization procedure, n (%)

24 (5)

20 (25)

4 (1)

< 0.001*

Total number of lower extremity revascularization proceduresb

42

37

5

0.18

 Angioplasty, total no. (%)

34 (81)

30 (81)

4 (80)

Omitted

 Bypass, total no. (%)

2 (5)

2 (5)

0 (0)

Omitted

 Stent, total no. (%)

6 (14)

5 (14)

1 (20)

Omitted

New podiatry attendance, n (%)

38 (8)

13 (16)

25 (7)

< 0.001*

Kidney transplantation, n (%)

30 (7)

5 (6)

25 (7)

> 0.99

Time to transplant, mean (SD), days

195 (115)

191 (89)

196 (121)

0.91

All-cause mortality, n (%)

52 (12)

14 (17)

38 (10)

0.11

 Foot-related death, n (%)e

6 (12)

5 (36)

1 (3)

0.005*

  Sepsis due to infected foot ulcer, n (%)e

5 (10)

5 (36)

0 (0)

0.001*

  Complications of PAD, n (%)e

1 (2)

0 (0)

1 (3)

> 0.99

 Other causes of death, n (%)e

46 (88)

9 (64)

37 (97)

0.005*

  Myocardial infarction, n (%)e

10 (19)

3 (21)

7 (18)

> 0.99

  Withdrawal from dialysis, n (%)e

8 (15)

2 (14)

6 (16)

> 0.99

  Pneumonia, n (%)e

8 (15)

0 (0)

8 (21)

0.15

  Sepsis (not foot-related), n (%)e

5 (10)

0 (0)

5 (13)

0.37

  Intestinal necrosis, n (%)e

3 (6)

1 (7)

2 (5)

> 0.99

  ESRD, n (%)e

3 (6)

1 (7)

2 (5)

> 0.99

  Other, n (%)e

9 (17)

2 (14)

7 (18)

> 0.99

Time to death, mean (SD), days

193 (115)

192 (112)

194 (118)

0.96

  1. Data are n (%), unless otherwise specified. Percentages may not add up to 100%, as they are rounded to the nearest percent
  2. The complete dataset of primary and secondary outcomes can be found in Additional file 2
  3. SD Standard deviation, PAD Peripheral arterial disease, ESRD End-stage renal disease
  4. *Significant difference between ‘foot ulceration’ and ‘no foot ulceration’ groups, p < 0.05
  5. aIncludes new and reoccurring foot ulcers. Reoccurring ulcers were in 9 participants (2.0%)
  6. bTotal number
  7. cMinor amputations included: 10 single toe, 4 multiple toes, 1 partial toe, 1 single toe and metatarsal, and 2 transmetatarsal amputations
  8. dMajor amputations included: 2 below knee amputations
  9. ePercentage calculated from all-cause mortality data
Back to article page

BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

Contact us