Table 1 Baseline characteristics of CKD patients in the derivation and validation group
Variable | Derivation group | Validation group | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 567) | Control (n = 478) | NAFLD (n = 89) | P | All (n = 252) | Control (n = 201) | NAFLD (n = 51) | P | |
Age (year) | 64.7 ± 15.3 | 65.0 ± 15.1 | 63.0 ± 16.3 | 0.243 | 64.6 ± 14.8 | 65.9 ± 15.2 | 59.4 ± 12.1 | 0.005 |
Male | 317 (55.9%) | 253 (52.9%) | 64 (71.9%) | < 0.001 | 165 (65.5%) | 124 (61.7%) | 41 (80.4%) | 0.012 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 3.8 | 24.1 ± 3.6 | 27.2 ± 16.3 | < 0.001 | 25.4 ± 3.8 | 24.7 ± 3.6 | 27.8 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 459 (81.0%) | 383 (80.1%) | 76 (85.4%) | 0.245 | 211 (83.7%) | 169 (84.1%) | 42 (82.4%) | 0.765 |
Diabetes | 233 (41.1%) | 195 (40.8%) | 38 (42.7%) | 0.738 | 94 (37.3%) | 74 (36.8%) | 20 (39.2%) | 0.752 |
T1DM | 10 (4.2%) | 9 (4.6%) | 1 (2.6%) | Â | 2 (2.1%) | 2 (2.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | Â |
T2DM | 223 (95.8%) | 186 (95.4%) | 37 (97.4%) | Â | 92 (97.9%) | 72 (97.3%) | 20 (100.0%) | Â |
Diabetic intervention | ||||||||
 Diet | 65 (27.9%) | 63 (32.3%) | 2 (5.3%) |  | 28 (29.8%) | 27 (36.5%) | 1 (5.0%) |  |
 Oral hypoglycemic agent | 78 (33.5%) | 54 (27.7%) | 24 (63.2%) |  | 46 (49.0%) | 36 (48.6%) | 10 (50.0%) |  |
 Insulin | 90 (38.6%) | 78 (40.0%) | 12 (31.5%) |  | 20 (21.2%) | 11 (14.9%) | 9 (45.0%) |  |
 Dyslipidemia | 71 (12.5%) | 52 (10.9%) | 19 (21.3%) | 0.006 | 46 (18.3%) | 33 (16.5%) | 13 (25.5%) | 0.139 |
 Creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.3 (1.6–4.4) | 2.4 (1.7–4.7) | 1.7 (1.5–2.5) | < 0.001 | 1.8 (1.4–2.4) | 1.8 (1.4–2.5) | 1.7 (1.4–2.3) | 0.321 |
 eGFR (ml/min) | 28.0 (13.2–40.6) | 25.6 (11.3–38.2) | 40.1 (25.9–50.4) | < 0.001 | 36.0 (23.9–45.8) | 35.7 (21.9–45.0) | 40.0 (28.3–50.3) | 0.036 |
eGFR category (KDIGO) | ||||||||
 G3a (45–59) | 102 (18.0%) | 63 (13.2%) | 39 (43.8%) | < 0.001 | 70 (27.8%) | 51 (25.4%) | 19 (37.3%) | 0.102 |
 G3b (30–44) | 165 (29.1%) | 144 (30.1%) | 21 (23.6%) |  | 89 (35.3%) | 73 (36.3%) | 16 (31.4%) |  |
 G4 (15–29) | 139 (24.5%) | 117 (24.5%) | 22 (24.7%) |  | 62 (24.6%) | 48 (23.9%) | 14 (27.5%) |  |
 G5 (< 15) | 161 (28.4%) | 154 (32.2%) | 7 (7.9%) |  | 31 (12.3%) | 29 (14.4%) | 2 (3.9%) |  |
RRT | 31 (5.5%) | 30 (6.3%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0.070 | 12 (4.8%) | 12 (6.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.133 |
EPO use | 208 (36.7%) | 201 (42.1%) | 7 (7.9%) | < 0.001 | 42 (16.7%) | 40 (19.9%) | 2 (3.9%) | 0.006 |
White blood cell | 7.0 (5.5–8.4) | 6.8 (5.4–8.3) | 7.5 (6.4–8.6) | 0.008 | 6.7 (5.6–8.0) | 6.6 (5.5–7.9) | 7.0 (6.2–8.3) | 0.090 |
Hemoglobin | 10.9 ± 2.3 | 10.6 ± 2.1 | 12.7 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 | 12.2 ± 2.2 | 11.8 ± 2.1 | 13.8 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
Platelet | 219.4 ± 71.7 | 216.9 ± 72.0 | 232.9 ± 69.2 | 0.053 | 233.8 ± 64.5 | 230.1 ± 64.9 | 248.5 ± 61.3 | 0.074 |
AST (IU/L) | 20 (16–26) | 20 (16–25) | 22 (18–28) | 0.009 | 21 (17–27) | 21 (17–25) | 24 (20–28) | 0.003 |
ALT (IU/L) | 17 (12–24) | 16 (11–22) | 21 (16–33) | < 0.001 | 17 (12–24) | 16 (12–21) | 25 (19–39) | < 0.001 |
Total. bilirubin (g/dL) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | < 0.001 | 0.6 (0.4–0.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.011 |
Albumin (mg/dL) | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 0.834 |
CRP | 0.6 (0.1–4.3) | 0.6 (0.1–4.1) | 0.6 (0.2–5.3) | 0.228 | 0.1 (0.1–0.4) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.3 (0.1–0.4) | 0.100 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 125 (91–182) | 119 (86–164) | 192 (134–270) | < 0.001 | 121 (88–170) | 113 (84–156) | 170 (112–237) | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 165.7 ± 44.9 | 163.2 ± 44.9 | 178.7 ± 42.4 | 0.003 | 170.7 ± 46.6 | 168.4 ± 40.4 | 179.4 ± 65.0 | 0.257 |
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 101 (91–128) | 101 (90–126) | 106 (95–139) | 0.018 | 102 (93–116) | 101 (92–114) | 108 (96–121) | 0.029 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.4 (5.9–7.5) | 6.3 (5.8–7.4) | 6.8 (6.3–8.4) | 0.005 | 6.1 (5.6–6.9) | 6.0 (5.6–6.8) | 6.4 (5.7–7.4) | 0.094 |
TyG index | 8.9 ± 0.6 | 8.8 ± 0.6 | 9.3 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 | 8.8 ± 0.6 | 8.7 ± 0.6 | 9.2 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
HSI | 35.9 (32.6–39.3) | 35.6 (32.3–39.1) | 36.8 (34.1–39.6) | 0.017 | 36.8 (34.0–40.0) | 36.9 (33.9–40.0) | 36.4 (34.2–40.5) | 0.855 |