Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of matched cohorts of spironolactone users and non-users
Characteristic | Spironolactone users (n = 5465) | Non-users (n = 5465) | P valueb |
|---|---|---|---|
Age at inclusion (years) | |||
Median (range) | 62 (20–82) | 62 (23–82) | 0.0005 |
Sex (%) | |||
Male | 60.5 | 60.5 | # |
Ethnicitya (%) | |||
Caucasian | 90.0 | 90.0 | # |
African American | 6.7 | 6.7 | # |
Hispanic | 2.6 | 2.6 | # |
Other | 0.1 | 0.1 | # |
Unspecified | 0.6 | 0.6 | # |
CKD stage at inclusion (%) | |||
Stage 1 | 3.4 | 3.4 | # |
Stage 2 | 9.1 | 9.1 | # |
Stage 3 | 38.8 | 38.8 | # |
Stage 4 | 6.8 | 6.8 | # |
Stage 5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | # |
ESRD/RRT | 11.5 | 11.5 | # |
Missing | 30.0 | 30.0 | # |
Comorbidities (%) | |||
Heart failure | 48.6 | 48.6 | # |
Hypertension | 98.6 | 98.6 | # |
CV disease | 65.9 | 62.1 | < 0.0001 |
Oedema | 43.7 | 25.2 | < 0.0001 |
Proteinuria | 22.7 | 13.5 | < 0.0001 |
Hyperkalaemia | 10.2 | 12.3 | 0.0007 |
Annual pre-inclusion median healthcare costs (US$) | |||
Total costs | 33,684 | 25,776 | < 0.0001 |
Inpatient costs | 10,436 | 0 | < 0.0001 |
Outpatient costs | 9398 | 8502 | < 0.0001 |
Pharmacy costs | 5721 | 5695 | 0.19 |
Medications of interest (%) | |||
ARBs | 40.0 | 33.2 | < 0.0001 |
ACEis | 55.5 | 52.3 | < 0.001 |