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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

From: Barriers and enablers to detection and management of chronic kidney disease in primary healthcare: a systematic review

Citation

Context

Data collection method

Country

Participant characteristics

Sample size

Armstrong et al., 2016 [22]

Observations, interviews and documentary analysis of the ENABLE-CKD project, which aimed to close the gap between guidelines and practice

Interviews

United Kingdom

Primary care staff across general practices (general practitioners, nurses, practice managers, pharmacist, self-management facilitator, administrator/ support staff)

24 (general practitioners: n = 7, nurses: n = 9, practice managers: m = 4, pharmacist: n = 1)

Blakeman et al. 2012 [7]

Exploration of CKD management in primary care, within practices participating in renal collaborative project

Interviews

United Kingdom

General practitioners and nurses

21 (general practitioners: n = 11, nurses: n = 10)

Crinson et al. 2010 [32]

Exploration of primary care practitioners views of CKD and its management

Focus groups

United Kingdom

General practitioners and practice nurses

36 (n = 26 general practitioners, n = 9 practice nurses, n = 1 practice-based pharmacist)

Danforth et al. 2019 [29]

Identification of risk factors, facilitators, and barriers to follow-up of abnormal eGFR results for diagnosing CKD

Interviews

United States of America

Primary care physicians

15

Gheewala et al. 2018 [30]

Exploration of community pharmacists barriers to implementing a CKD risk assessment service

Interviews

Australia

Community pharmacists

8

Greer et al. 2012 [33]

Exploration of primary care providers’ barriers to educating patients about CKD

Focus groups

United States of America

Primary care providers (physicians and nurse practitioners)

18 (n = 15 physicians, n = 3 nurse practitioners)

Greer et al. 2015 [23]

Exploration of barriers to preparing patients for renal replacement therapy

Interviews

United States of America

Primary care physicians

4a

Greer et al. 2019 [8], Sperati et al. 2019 [34]

Exploration of primary care physicians’ perceived barriers and facilitators to management of CKD in a) primary care, and b) at the primary care-nephrology interface

Focus groups

United States of America

Primary care physicians

32

Litvin et al. 2016 [24]

Exploration of whether clinical decision support could be used to improve identification and management of CKD

Group interviews

United States of America

Medical doctors, licensed practical nurse, nurse practitioner, registered nurse, medical assistant, physician assistant

11 practices (ranging in size from 1 to 8 providers)

Lo et al. 2016 [5] and Lo et al. 2016 [36]

Exploration of factors influencing health care of diabetes and CKD

Focus groups

Australia

General practitioners

22a

McBride et al. 2014 [25]

Exploration of primary care providers’ attitudes regarding a CKD registry and its implementation

Interviews

United States of America

Primary care providers (physicians, nurse practitioners)

20 (n = 19 physicians, n = 1 nurse practitioner)

Nash et al. 2018 [31]

Exploration of primary care providers’ perceptions of barriers and enablers to following guidelines for requesting creatinine tests to confirm CKD

Interviews

Canada

Primary care providers (physicians and nurse practitioners)

13 (n = 9 physicians, n = 4 nurse practitioners)

Nihat et al. 2016 [6]

Process evaluation of the Quality Improvement in CKD study, which compared audit-based education and sending clinical guidelines and prompts with usual care

Focus groups

United Kingdom

General practice (including general practitioner, practice nurses, healthcare assistants and practice manager)

4 practices (including 6–9 members of the multi-professional team in each group)

Sinclair et al. 2017 [9]

Identification of barriers and facilitators to CKD screening practices in practice nurses

Cross-sectional survey (open-ended questions)

Australia

Practice nurses

26

Smith et al. 2012 [26]

Analysis following change to automatic reporting of eGFR in all laboratory results (previously only serum creatinine reported)

Interviews

United States of America

Primary care providers (physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants)

19 (n = 13 physicians, n = 2 nurse practitioners, n = 4 physician assistants

Tam-Tham et al. 2016 [27]

Description of primary care physicians perceptions of key barriers, facilitators, and strategies to enhance conservative care for community-dwelling older adults with Stage 5

Interviews

Canada

Primary care physicians

27

Tam-Tham et al. 2016 [37]

Examination of perceived barriers, facilitators to improve primary care physicians’ ability to conservatively manage older adults with Stage 5 who were not planning to initiate dialysis

Cross-sectional surveyb

Canada

Primary care physicians

409

Tonkin-Crine et al. 2015 [10]

Exploration of general practitioners views and experiences of managing patients with advanced CKD and referral to secondary care

Interviews

United Kingdom

General practitioners

19

van Dipten et al. 2018 [35]

Exploration of perspectives of general practitioners familiar with CKD management guidelines, including the applicability of national interdisciplinary guidelines

Focus groups

The Netherlands

General practitioners

27

Vest et al. 2015 [28]

Process evaluation of TRANSLATE-CKD study, a randomised controlled trial examining implementation of evidence-based CKD guidelines in primary care practice. Interviews conducted at baseline to assess current practice

Interviews

United States of America

Primary care clinicians

27 (n = 24 doctors, n = 3 nurse practitioners/physician assistants) interviewed

  1. aPlus additional secondary or tertiary care practitioners who were not included in the present review
  2. bOpen-ended responses only included in this review