Table 1 Patients characteristics at baseline and 24 months (n = 70)

 Age (years)

57.8 ± 10.2

 Males (%)

44 (63)

 Body mass index (kg/m²)

26.4 (22.8–31.3)

 Diabetes (%)

14 (20)

 Smoking (%)

36 (51.4)

 CKD duration (months)

25.4 ± 1.3

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

37.3 (24.8–51.3)

31.2 (20.3–51)

<  0.001

 Proteinuria (g/24 h)

0.19 (0–0.49)

0.43 (0–1)

<  0.001

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

13.3 ± 1.6

12.9 ± 4.4

<  0.001

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

183 (161–205)

158 (131–188)

<  0.001

 HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

49 (41–57)

41 (35–48)

<  0.001

 LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

104 (85–119)

87 (68–106)

0.001

 Triglycerides (mg/dL)

129 (99–211)

127 (89–177)

0.20

 Bicarbonate (mmol/L)

21.9 ± 3.0

25.5 ± 3.8

<  0.001

 Phosphate (mg/dL)

3.7 (3.1–4.0)

3.4 (3.1–3.8)

0.04

 Ionized calcium (mmol/L)

1.29 ± 0.06

1.32 ± 0.07

0.003

 Alkaline Phosphatase (U/L)

79 (63–93)

70.5 (60.8–94)

0.17

 Intact PTH (pg/mL)

88 (61–153)

98 (56.5–171)

0.63

 Trabecular Bone Density (HU)

202.9 ± 50.5

202.5 ± 51

0.91

 Cortical Bone Density (HU)

400 ± 89.9

404 ± 94.8

0.40

 Coronary calcium score (AU)

5.5 (0–283.8)

7.5 (0–385.3)

<  0.001