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Table 1 Baseline characteristics overall and by major subgroups

From: Markers and risk factors for chronic kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africans: baseline levels and 12-month trajectories in newly referred patients in Cameroon

Characteristics

Overall

Men

Women

p

HTN

No HTN

P

DM

No DM

p

N (%)

420 (100)

281 (66.9)

139 (33.1)

 

319(76.0)

101 (24.0)

 

168 (40.0)

252 (60.0)

 

Gender, men (%)

281 (66.9)

281 (100)

0 (0)

 

221 (69.3)

60 (59.4)

0.070

118 (70.2)

163 (64.7)

0.246

Age, years (SD)

53.8 (15.1)

54.7 (14.6)

52.1 (15.8)

0.097

57.9 (11.2)

41.1 (18.2)

< 0.0001

60.7 (8.2)

49.3 (16.6)

< 0.0001

Weight, kg (SD)

76.5 (16.3)

78.4 (17.7)

72.7 (12.5)

0.003

79.6 (14.5)

68.3 (18.1)

< 0.0001

78.1 (15.2)

75.4 (17.0)

0.206

SBP, mmHg (SD)

159 (31)

160 (30)

157 (34)

0.392

164 (30)

140 (27)

< 0.0001

162 (29)

157 (32)

0.087

DBP, mmHg (SD)

93 (18)

93 (18)

92 (18)

0.668

94 (19)

87 (16)

0.0004

89 (16)

96 (19)

0.0002

Urea

0.88 (0.56)

0.84 (0.52)

0.96 (0.62)

0.064

0.90 (0.53)

0.79 (0.61)

0.084

0.92 (0.50)

0.85 (0.60)

0.192

Creatinin

36.9 (27.4)

36.7 (27.6)

37.3 (27.2)

0.831

39.2 (28.7)

29.5 (21.2)

0.0004

35.5 (23.8)

37.9 (29.6)

0.367

eGFR

28.6 (17.0)

30.9 (17.8)

24.0 (14.2)

< 0.0001

26.9 (15.1)

34.9 (21.4)

0.001

27.8 (13.9)

29.2 (18.9)

0.387

Sodium

138.7 (10.4)

138.6 (10.6)

139.1 (9.8)

0.691

139.1 (11.4)

137.6 (5.7)

0.136

137.9 (14.8)

139.3 (5.8)

0.291

Potassium

4.5 (0.9)

4.5 (0.9)

4.6 (0.9)

0.355

4.6 (0.9)

4.5 (0.8)

0.586

4.7 (0.8)

4.4 (0.9)

0.002

Chrorine

103.8 (12.0)

103.8 (11.5)

103.8 (13.2)

0.970

104.2 (10.2)

102.5 (16.6)

0.426

102.8 (12.7)

104.4 (11.6)

0.250

Haemoglobin

10.7 (2.6)

11.0 (2.6)

10.0 (2.4)

0.0006

10.9 (2.5)

10.0 (2.7)

0.006

10.5 (2.1)

10.8 (2.8)

0.239

VGM

82.3 (11.9)

83.7 (7.5)

79.5 (17.3)

0.058

83.0 (10.2)

80.4 (14.5)

0.223

83.5 (9.9)

81.5 (13.0)

0.215

TCMH

28.3 (7.1)

27.9 (3.0)

29.0 (11.6)

0.461

27.8 (2.7)

29.5 (12.5)

0.311

27.7 (2.4)

28.6 (8.7)

0.317

Calcemia

88.5 (10.2)

88.6 (10.1)

88.3 (10.5)

0.865

88.6 (10.6)

87.9 (8.4)

0.553

89.0 (9.3)

88.1 (10.9)

0.443

Phosphate

46.8 (21.7)

46.7 (23.8)

47.0 (16.6)

0.913

47.8 (23.0)

42.1 (13.9)

0.043

45.0 (17.0)

48.1 (24.6)

0.291

Uric acid

86.2 (25.8)

86.5 (25.5)

85.2 (26.7)

0.700

87.3 (26.3)

80.2 (22.1)

0.097

82.5 (23.2)

89.2 (27.5)

0.028

Albumin

33.3 (13.7)

33.1 (14.5)

33.6 (12.6)

0.854

36.9 (14.5)

26.7 (9.2)

< 0.0001

34.9 (15.2)

32.4 (12.9)

0.345

Total cholesterol

2.3 (1.1)

2.2 (1.2)

2.4 (1.0)

0.264

2.1 (0.8)

2.8 (1.7)

0.002

2.1 (0.9)

2.3 (1.3)

0.322

HDL cholesterol

0.54 (0.37)

0.53 (0.36)

0.56 (0.40)

0.642

0.54 (0.39)

0.53 (0.27)

0.767

0.52 (0.32)

0.55 (0.41)

0.116

LDL cholesterol

1.4 (0.7)

1.4 (0.7)

1.4 (0.6)

0.653

1.4 (0.6)

1.5 (1.1)

0.653

1.1 (0.6)

1.4 (0.7)

0.556

Triglycerides

1.3 (0.9)

1.1 (0.7)

1.6 (1.1)

0.002

1.2 (0.7)

1.6 (1.4)

0.052

1.2 (0.7)

1.3 (1.0)

0.307

Diabetes, n (%)

168 (40.0)

118 (42.0)

50 (36.0)

0.236

147 (46.1)

21 (20.8)

< 0.0001

168 (100)

0 (0)

< 0.0001

Hypertension, n (%)

319 (75.9)

221 (78.6)

98 (70.5)

0.066

319 (100)

0 (0)

< 0.0001

147 (87.5)

172 (68.2)

< 0.0001

Smoking, n (%)

24/395 (6.1)

21/262 (8.0)

3/133 (2.3)

0.025

19/297 (6.4)

5/98 (5.1)

0.809

8/155 (5.2)

16/240 (6.7)

0.668

Alcohol, n (%)

129/388 (33.2)

110/258 (42.6)

19/130 (14.6)

< 0.0001

106/293 (36.2)

23/95 (24.2)

0.033

44/152 (28.9)

85/236 (36.0)

0.153

Sedentarity

163/358 (45.5)

95/240 (39.6)

68/118 (57.6)

0.001

134/269 (49.8)

29/89 (32.6)

0.005

69/140 (49.3)

94/218 (43.1)

0.277

HIV infection, n (%)

20/411 (4.9)

7/274 (2.5)

13/137 (9.5)

0.009

4/311 (1.3)

16/100 (16.0)

< 0.0001

3/165 (1.8)

17/246 (6.9)

0.043

Gout, n (%)

28/411 (6.8)

25/275 (9.1)

3/136 (2.2)

0.011

27/313 (8.6)

1/98 (1.0)

0.005

10/166 (6.0)

18/245 (7.3)

0.692

Stage CKD (n = 403)

   

0.040

  

0.002

  

0.013

1

3 (0.7)

3 (1.1)

0 (0)

 

1 (0.3)

2 (2.3)

 

0 (0)

3 (1.3)

 

2

17 (4.2)

13 (4.8)

4 (3.0)

 

7 (2.2)

10 (11.4)

 

2 (1.2)

15 (6.4)

 

3

151 (37.5)

111 (41.1)

40 (30.1)

 

116 (36.8)

35 (39.8)

 

70 (41.9)

81 (34.3)

 

4

124 (30.8)

80 (29.6)

44 (33.1)

 

104 (33.0)

20 (22.7)

 

54 (32.3)

70 (29.7)

 

5

108 (26.8)

63 (23.3)

45 (33.8)

 

87 (27.6)

21 (23.9)

 

41 (24.5)

67 (28.4)

 

Treatments

 ACE inhibitors

314 (74.8)

123 (75.8)

101 (72.7)

0.551

263 (82.4)

51 (50.5)

< 0.0001

137 (81.5)

177 (70.2)

0.011

 Loop diuretics

130 (30.9)

86 (30.6)

44 (31.6)

0.823

86 (27.0)

44 (43.6)

0.002

56 (33.3)

74 (29.4)

0.391

 Calcium channels blockers

198 (47.1)

125 (44.5)

73 (52.5)

0.146

185 (58.0)

13 (12.9)

< 0.0001

81 (48.2)

117 (46.4)

0.765

 Thiazide diuretic

206 (49.0)

142 (50.5)

64 (46.0)

0.408

177 (55.5)

29 (28.7)

< 0.0001

91 (54.2)

115 (45.6)

0.091

 Antialdosterone

17 (4.0)

12 (4.3)

5 (3.6)

> 0.999

4 (1.2)

13 (12.9)

< 0.0001

4 (2.4)

13 (5.2)

0.208

 ARB

17 (4.0)

10 (3.6)

7 (5.0)

0.445

14 (4.3)

3 (3.0)

0.773

11 (6.5)

6 (2.4)

0.043

 Beta blockers

54 (12.9)

36 (12.8)

18 (12.9)

> 0.999

48 (15.0)

6 (5.9)

0.017

17 (10.1)

37 (14.7)

0.184

 Central agent

20 (4.8)

14 (5.0)

6 (4.2)

> 0.999

20 (6.3)

0 (0)

0.006

9 (5.4)

11 (4.4)

0.647

 Biguanide

6 (1.4)

4 (1.4)

2 (1.4)

> 0.999

6 (1.9)

0 (0)

0.343

6 (3.6)

0 (0)

0.004

 Sulphonamides

57 (13.6)

41 (14.6)

16 (11.5)

0.450

50 (15.7)

7 (6.9)

0.029

57 (33.9)

0 (0)

< 0.0001

 Glinides

1 (0.2)

1 (0.4)

0 (0)

> 0.999

1 (0.3)

0 (0)

> 0.999

1 (0.6)

0 (0)

0.400

 Insulin

34 (8.1)

22 (7.8)

12 (8.6)

0.850

28 (8.8)

6 (5.9)

0.411

34 (20.2)

0 (0)

< 0.0001

  1. HTN Hypertension, DM Diabetes mellitus, SD Standard deviation, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DPB Diastolic blood pressure, eGFR Estimated Glomerular filtration rate, MCV Mean corpuscular volume, MCH Mean corpuscular haemoglobin, HDL High density lipoprotein, LDL Low density lipoprotein, HIV Human immune-deficiency virus, ACE Angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB Angiotensinogen receptor blockers