Table 1 General characteristics of participants according to indicators of renal damage
|  | Participants with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (N = 132) | Participants with albuminuria (N = 859) | Participants with DKD (N = 92) | Participants without renal damage (N = 4286) | Total (N = 5231) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 63.0 (13.8) | 51.5 (14.0) | 60.8 (11.8) | 40.3 (16.2) | 42.5 (16.5) |
Men | 24 (18.2%) | 574 (66.8%) | 62 (67.4%) | 2362 (55.1%) | 2945 (56.3%) |
Education | |||||
  ≤ Primary school | 20 (15.2%) | 90 (10.5%) | 15 (16.3%) | 156 (3.6%) | 257 (4.9%) |
 Junior high school | 32 (24.2%) | 192 (22.4%) | 26 (28.3%) | 564 (13.2%) | 774 (14.8%) |
  ≥ Senior high school | 80 (60.6%) | 577 (67.2%) | 51 (55.4%) | 3566 (83.2%) | 4200 (80.3%) |
Current smoker | 9 (6.8%) | 295 (34.3%) | 29 (31.5%) | 825 (19.2%) | 1125 (21.6%) |
Habitual drinker | 7 (5.3%) | 282 (32.8%) | 32 (34.8%) | 817 (19.1%) | 1104 (21.1%) |
Dietary pattern | |||||
 Diet rich in fruits and vegetables | 78 (59.1%) | 419 (48.8%) | 38 (41.3%) | 1746 (40.7%) | 2222 (42.5%) |
 High fat diet | 11 (8.3%) | 92 (10.7%) | 9 (9.8%) | 680 (15.9%) | 779 (14.9%) |
Physical activity | |||||
 Low | 99 (75%) | 494 (57.5%) | 55 (59.8%) | 2911 (67.9%) | 3469 (66.3%) |
 Moderate | 33 (25%) | 330 (38.4%) | 31 (33.7%) | 1293 (30.2%) | 1645 (31.4%) |
 High | 0 (0%) | 35 (4.1%) | 6 (6.5%) | 83 (1.9%) | 117 (2.2%) |
Self-reported HBV infection | 2 (1.5%) | 11 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 54 (1.3%) | 66 (1.3%) |
Cardiovascular disease | 37 (28%) | 112 (13%) | 29 (31.5%) | 247 (5.8%) | 376 (7.2%) |
Hypertension | 79 (59.8%) | 558 (65%) | NA | 1213 (28.3%) | 1812 (34.6%) |
Dyslipidemia | 33 (25%) | 248 (28.9%) | 37 (40.2%) | 496 (11.6%) | 765 (14.6%) |
Hyperuricemia | 20 (15.2%) | 142 (16.5%) | 12 (13.0%) | 447 (10.4%) | 599 (11.5%) |
Diabetes | 25 (18.9%) | 181 (21.1%) | NA | 208 (4.9%) | 400 (7.6%) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.9 (3.6) | 26.1 (3.8) | 26.5 (3.2) | 23.6 (3.6) | 24.1 (3.8) |
Waist–hip ratio | 0.8 (0.05) | 0.9 (0.04) | 0.9 (0.03) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.8 (0.9) | 4.6 (0.97) | 4.7 (0.9) | 4.2 (0.9) | 4.3 (0.9) |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.7 (1.2) | 2.0 (1.8) | 2.4 (2.0) | 1.3 (1.1) | 1.4 (1.3) |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.6) | 2.6 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.7) |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) |
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.4 (2.3) | 5.8 (2.2) | 9.1 (3.0) | 4.9 (1.0) | 5.0 (1.3) |
Uric acid (μmol/L) | 285.5 (94.5) | 321.7 (102.1) | 302.4 (99.4) | 289.7 (95.5) | 294.6 (97.3) |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 97.8 (92.0–106.7) | 84.0 (39.5) | 82.3 (70.4–96.9) | 79.6 (15.2) | 80.8 (25.1) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 52.4 (10.7) | 86.9 (19.4) | 79.6 (21.7) | 94.5 (21.2) | 92.6 (21.5) |
ACR (mg/g) | 20.1 (10.7–44.2) | 47.8 (36.6–106.3) | 73.9 (42.4–244.8) | 12.3 (8.1–17.6) | 14.1 (8.8–23) |